The 2000 Census Counting Under Adversity (2004) / Chapter Skim
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8 Race and Ethnicity Measurement
8 Race and Ethnicity Measurement
Pages 303-324
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Restricting racial identity to a single racial category has become increasingly clifficult as the population with parents from different racial groups increases in size; changing immigration patterns have also poser! challenges for classifyingancl even self-iclentifying by race.
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only one of a few mutually exclusive racial categories.) The full implications of this change are yet to be unclerstoocI.
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Although ethnicity questions initially reflected a desire to distinguish among different groups of immigrants with European origins, the saliency of those groups shifted as they were assimilated into an increasingly heterogeneous white racial group. In order to account for non-European immigrants, beginning with the 1910 census, the race question has included an "other" category allowing the enumerator (later a household member)
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306 o o o l o oo ~n a)
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in the 1970 census at the behest of Daniel Patrick Moynihan, then a domestic policy adviser in the Nixon White House (FarIey, 2001~. Because production of the census questionnaires hac!
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In the more than 200 years that the United States has collected data on race, the 2000 census is the first that has allowed people to identify themselves as belonging to more than a single racial category. 8-B STANDARDIZING FEDERAL COLLECTION: THE OMB GUIDELINES Despite this long history of collecting data on race and ethnicity in the census, as well as in household surveys and program agency administrative records, there was no coordination among federal agencies collecting such data until the OMB released Statistical Policy Directive 15 in 1977.3 This directive was meant to standardize the federal collection of data on race and ethnicity by dictating minimum standards for collection and reporting.
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Directive 15 guided the collection of race and ethnicity data in both the 1980 ant! the 1990 censuses, as well as numerous other fecleral data collection efforts.
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ethnicity questions on the Census Bureau's 1996 National Content Survey, aciclitional options were explorer! in the Bureau of Labor Statistics' 1995 Supplement on Race ant!
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Along with public discussion, the results of these experiments with alternative formats for the race ant! ethnicity questions informed the deliberations and conclusions of the interagency committee.
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population reporter! white alone, 12.3 percent black or African American alone, 0.9 percent American Indian and Alaska Native alone, 3.6 percent Asian alone, 0.1 percent Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific IsTancler alone, ant!
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think of their ethnicity as a race. cot -- - - cat 8-C.2 Quality of Race and Ethnicity Data in the 2000 Census Self-identification of race, Hispanic origin, and ancestry questions means that responses are based on self-perception and therefore are subjective, but at the same time, by definition, whatever response is recorded is an accurate response.
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County-level variation in imputation rates is not strictly related to population size. To emphasize the extent to which these imputation rates vary across and within various geographical boundaries, we examined the tract-level imputation rates for three of the largest counties in the nation: Los Angeles County, California; Cook County, Illinois; and Harris County, Texas.
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Item Imputation Rates To what extent are race ant! ethnicity ciata missing ant!
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ethnicity items, there are others with imputation rates for these items far above the national average. For example, among counties in the 48 contiguous states, the imputation rate for race was as high as 16.7 percent in CostilIa County, Coloraclo, and, similarly, the imputation rate for Hispanic origin reached 35 percent in Concho County, Texas.
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The data are for all counties in the 48 contiguous states, excluding zero population counties. Imputation rates are based on total population, including household members and group quarters residents.
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AS .. ~ County Population Category Figure 8.4 Imputation Rates for Race by Population (County Level)
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.- 0 1, . .T/ it- O 0 20 40 60 80 100 Percentile, Tract-Level Imputation Rate Figure 8.5 Imputation Rates for Hispanic Origin in Census Tracts of Selected Counties NOTE: Points on each line are the cumulative percentage imputation rates for census tracts at the 1st, 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, 95th, and 99th percentiles of the distribution of tract-level imputation rates within a county.
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. , + ., 0 + , 0 20 40 60 80 100 Percentile, Tract-Level Imputation Rate Figure 8.6 Imputation Rates for Race in Census Tracts of Selected Counties NOTE: See note to Figure 8.5.
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in specific statutes in contrast to studying social behavior of self-clefinecl ethnic groups. Nevertheless, continuer!
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plan refinements in question design for future censuses. The Bureau tested minor changes in the race and ethnicity questions in a national mailout survey in 2003 (Martin et al., 20034.
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ethnicity questions. For example, tests could be concluctec!
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