The 2000 Census Counting Under Adversity (2004) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
2 Census Goals and Uses
2 Census Goals and Uses
Pages 33-70
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local governments, private-sector organizations, researchers, the merlin, and, ultimately, the public. Collectively, these data are the only available source of cletailec!
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a. Sample population and housing characteristics iterated for many detailed race and Hispanic categories, American Indian and Alaska Native tribes, and ancestry groups down to the census tract level (file for each state)
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1-Percent Sample Files, containing about 1 million household and 3 million person records Geographic identification: state, large areas of 40O,OOO or more population 5-Percent Sample Files, containing about 5 million household and 15 million person records Geographic identification: state, areas of 10O,OOO or more population NOTES: All files available on the Internet and CD-ROM/DVD, profiles also available on paper; all files have been processed to protect confidentiality. SOU ROE: http://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/c2kproducts.
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Code (specifically, 13 USC §141b) , which stipulates that the Census Bureau must provide state-level population counts to the president by 9 months after Census Day (i.e., December 31 of the census year under the current schedule)
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Supreme Court ruling (see Chapter 3) , the potential effects of error ant!
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Federal district courts cleciclec! both the FAIR ant!
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in the same manner as military and other fecleral employees stationed oversees (see Box 2.24. The case ultimately failecl but in the wake of the Utah suit and in response to congressional directives for planning for the 2010 census the Census Bureau in 2004 will test the feasibility of counting private citizens living abroacl, using France, Kuwait, and Mexico as test sites.
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As a consequence, Utah filed two legal challenges, one of which was decided by the U.S. Supreme Court and both of which raise issues likely to be revisited as the 2010 census approaches.
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District Court for the District of Utah sided with the Census Bureau and ruled that imputation did not constitute sampling. Utah appealed to the U.S.
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In June 2002, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Census Bureau's inclusion
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to ensure that clistricts satisfy stanciarcis for equal population ant! the requirements of the Voting Rights Act for equitable representation of population groups.
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Carr (369 U.S.186, 1962, which involved Tennessee state legislative districts) , the Court held that reapportionment and redistricting matters were subject to judicial review under the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth
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725, 1983) , by a 5-4 margin, the Court rejected a New lersey congressional redistricting plan in which the smallest district was only seven-tenths of one percent smaller in population than the largest clistrict.
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to uphold strict stanciarcis of population equality for congressional reclistricting, in no instance approving a plan with more than a 0.09 percent deviation in population size from the largest to the smallest district and generally approving plans with 0.01 percent or smaller deviations. Relevant cases are listed!
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ethnic origin for purposes of legislative redistricting. The Voting Rights Act, originally passer!
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A threejudge federal district court held that the legislature's plans for West Virginia's three congressional districts were acceptable, even though the population deviation was 556 people, or 0.09 percent, because the plan better preserved the cores of prior districts and made the districts more compact than other plans. SOURCE: Web site for the Minnesota State Senate: http://www.senate.
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A federal district court rejected the congressional redistricting plan of the Pennsylvania General Assembly because it had a deviation of 19 people (0.0039 percent) , split voting precincts, and other problems, and because an alternate plan was available that had a deviation of only 1 person and split no voting precincts.
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A three judge federal district court held that a redistricting plan for the West Virginia House of Delegates, with a 9.97 percent deviation, did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment. Gorin v.
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The Idaho Supreme Court rejected a legislative redistricting plan with a deviation of 10.69 percent, given that the state had offered no evidence that the disparity resulted from the advancement of a rational state policy. In a later case, the court rejected a revised plan with an 11.79 percent deviation because policies to preserve county and neighborhood boundaries were not consistently followed statewide.
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Many court challenges to redistricting plans in the l990s and after the 2000 census invoker! the Voting Rights Act.
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by the Census Bureau to the states for redistricting carry not only population counts but also counts of voting-age population by race and ethnicity, which most states use in drawing district boundaries (see National Conference of State Legislatures, 1992:~. The 2000 census P.L.
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Bartlett (2001) The North Carolina Supreme Court held that creation of minority state senate and house districts to satisfy the Voting Rights Act and devising a plan that did not cause the opportunities for minorities to regress took precedence over the state constitution's requirement to preserve county boundaries to the extent possible.
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of the entire population, have many uses, particularly as they form the basis of small-area population estimates that the Census Bureau clevelops for years following each census. Currently, the Bureau produces estimates of total population by single years of age, sex, race, ant!
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56 THE 2000 CENSUS: COUNTING UNDER ADVERSITY Table 2.1 Number and Approximate Average Population Size of State Senate and House Districts, by State, 2000 Senate Districts House (Assembly) Districts State Number Average Size Number Average Size Alabama 35 127,000 105 42,000 Alaska 20 31,000 40 16,000 Arizona*
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49 120,000 98 60,000 West Virginia 34 53,000 100 18,000 Wisconsin 33 163,000 99 54,000 Wyoming 30 16,000 60 8,000 NOTES: For a 10 percent deviation or less, the smallest district must be 95 to 100 percent of the average district size, and the largest district must be 100 to 105 percent of the average district size. Nebraska has a unicameral legislature.
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to agree with national population estimates by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. Without reweighting to national estimates, the surveys would underestimate many clemographic groups because coverage of the population is typically less complete in household surveys than in the decennial census (see National Research Council, 1995a:App.B)
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For census-derived population estimates, an added concern is the quality of the administrative records data that are used to update the census figures to account for births, deaths, and net migration. Specific issues include compatibility of reporting of race and ethnicity among the different data sets and the accuracy of estimates of net illegal immigration.
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special questions for American Indians, Alaska Natives, ant! blinc!
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Such purposes include implementation of sections of the Voting Rights Act, allocation of fecleral funds to states ant! localities, assessment of charges of employment cliscrimination, and planning, monitoring, and evaluation of fecleral programs.
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. BEA develops these estimates by using data from a wide range of administrative records, the decennial census long-form sample and other censuses and surveys, and census-based population estimates (as denominators)
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by the Census Bureau, which inclucle census poverty ciata as one input. Special Education Grants to States (estimates!
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. Fair market rents are used to determine rent subsidies to eligible families uncler the Section ~ Housing Assistance Payments Program; for areas for which census data are used, fair market rates are set at a percentile of the distribution of gross rents (inclucling utility costs)
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welfare block grants to counties with a formula that includes census estimates of the county's number of children below 200 percent of the poverty line; allocation of 55 million in Florida Intensive Crisis Counseling funds to counties with a formula that includes census estimates of the number of poor female-heaclec! households with clepenclent children (see Butcher ant!
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labor force participation of the aclult population to attract prospective businesses by informing them of the availability of an appropriately skilled labor force; using census long-form-sample data on ancestry ant! language to inform businesses of opportunities for serving particular markets.
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· Some churches compare members' characteristics from a survey to census characteristics for the surrounding community to determine ways in which members are similar to and distinct from the community and use the information to develop an outreach program. · All banks are required to use median household income and income distributions by census tract to ensure compliance with federal mortgage lending guidelines regarding race, as well as for meeting other regulatory requirements.
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Microciata sample files support cletailecl analyses of different groups of the elderly, such as those with different clisabilities ant! the relationship of disability to education, labor force attachment, ant!
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economic conditions among different parts of the country. Microciata sample files permit cletailec!
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The census structure for 1990 (see Bureau of the Census, 1995b:Ch.1,8) included: · staff at Census Bureau headquarters in Suitiand, Maryland (over a dozen units handled budget, overall management, data processing, and other functions, 5 of which were directly under the associate director for decennial census, a new position in 19904; · a back-up computer center in Charlotte, North Carolina; · the Bureau's Data Preparation Division (tater renamed the National Processing Center)
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