The Hydrogen Economy Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs (2004) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
5. Supply Chains for Hydrogen and Estimated Costs of Hydrogen Supply
5. Supply Chains for Hydrogen and Estimated Costs of Hydrogen Supply
Pages 45-63
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 45... ...
A variety of Scale of Production potential hydrogen supply chain pathways are considered in this chapter. The major factors that will affect the cost of The estimates presented here are developed at three difdelivered hydrogen are these: ferent scales of hydrogen generation, referred to as central station (CS)
|
From page 46... ...
tal technological breakthroughs would be needed to achieve the performance or cost estimates, although normal pro Summary of Technologies Considered cesses of design, engineering, construction, and system optimization might be needed to achieve costs as low as those The hydrogen supply chain pathways that are considered estimated in this analysis. in this chapter are identified in Table 5-2.
|
From page 47... ...
SUPPLY CHAINS AND ESTIMATED COSTS 47 Elec-C supply PV-Gr PV-Gr-Elec-F hydrogen :Dist Photovoltaics C F:Dist the for Elec-C Elec-F abbreviations The WT-Gr WT-Gr :Dist Wind C F:Dist sequestration. no = N source)
|
From page 48... ...
In addition, because these For each hydrogen production pathway and for both states cost estimates are so heavily dependent on the judgment of of technology development (current and possible future) , the committee members, other people may well make very difcommittee developed engineeringeconomic models to esti- ferent technical and economic judgments, particularly about mate the primary inputs of feedstocks, of electricity or other the possible future technologies.
|
From page 49... ...
Thus, the GEA cost of gasoline is $2.12 per kilogram of hydrogen (calculated as UNIT COST ESTIMATES: CURRENT AND POSSIBLE $1.27 × 1.66) .9 Figure 5-1 shows that the cost per kilogram of hydrogen FUTURE TECHNOLOGIES for the four central station technologies is similar to the GEA cost of gasoline in hybrid electric vehicles, once these plants Current Technologies are operating at full capacity.
|
From page 50... ...
of and operation Sensitivity cost = costs unit cost cost price costs 5-3 price costs O&M investment gas photovoltaics/wind O&M of imputed 2 NOTES: TABLE Parameter Capital Electrolyzer Electricity Natural Costs Nonfuel Distribution Dispensing Sequestration CO
|
From page 51... ...
Figure 5-1 also shows that with current technologies, the Figure 5-2 shows that for the central station plants, feedcosts of generating hydrogen with any of the distributed tech- stock costs play major roles in natural gas technologies, nologies or the midsize biomass technologies would greatly while capital costs are a very significant percentage in coal exceed the gasoline costs. technologies.
|
From page 52... ...
judgments by committee members about possible techno The estimated costs for the three electrolysis-based dis- logical progress. This figure presents cost estimates for each tributed technologies are dominated by the electrolyzer capi- hydrogen production process shown in Figures 5-1 and 5-2, tal costs and electricity costs, either grid-delivered electric- plus hydrogen generated by dedicated nuclear plants, using a ity or electricity generated by wind turbines or photovoltaics.
|
From page 53... ...
This figure, compared with Figure 5-2, efficiency, and crude oil stays at $30/bbl.13 The committee shows that reduced capital costs and reduced electricity costs estimates that hydrogen generated by central station nuclear are the most important differences. The reduced electricity energy, distributed natural gas steam reforming, and distrib- costs result from reduced costs of generating electricity usuted electrolysis using wind-turbine-generated electricity ing wind turbines or photovoltaics and estimated increases would have costs within about $1.00/kg of the equivalent in the efficiency of electrolyzers.
|
From page 54... ...
Technologies FIGURE 5-4 Cost details underlying estimates in Figure 5-3 for 11 future hydrogen supply technologies, including generation by dedicated nuclear plants. See Table 5-2 and discussion in text.
|
From page 55... ...
Total distributed 7 Dispensing Distribution ($) Production 6 ydrogenh of 5 kg per 4 Cost 3 2 1 0 CS NG-C CS NG-F CS NG-C Seq CS NG-F Seq Dist NG-C Dist NG-F Technologies FIGURE 5-6 Unit cost estimates for three current and three possible future natural gas technologies for hydrogen generation.
|
From page 56... ...
Distribution 6 Production ydrogenh 5 of kg per 4 Cost 3 2 1 0 CS Coal-C CS Coal-F CS Coal-C Seq CS Coal-F Seq Technologies FIGURE 5-7 Unit cost estimates for two current and two future possible coal technologies for hydrogen generation. See Table 5-2 and discussion in text.
|
From page 57... ...
Capital costs per kilogram of hydrogen are the biomass is assumed to become more productive with considerably larger for the small steam reformer that would the genetic engineering of crops and other productivity adbe used in a distributed operation. Central station reformers vances, so the possible future technologies cases assume that are assumed to be 2500 times as large as the distributed re- 50 percent more crop could be grown per acre of land.
|
From page 58... ...
gasoline-fueled automobiles to hydrogen-fueled vehicles Figure 5-9 shows that two current technologies -- the might change CO2 emissions. central station coal facility without CO2 sequestration (CS Figures 5-9 and 5-10 provide estimates of the amount of Coal-C)
|
From page 59... ...
6 5 4 3 ydrogenh 2 of kg 1 per 0 CS NG-F CS NG-F CS Coal-F CS Coal-F CS Nu-F MS Bio-F Dist NG-F Dist Elec-F Dist WT Dist PV-Gr Gasoline Seq Seq Ele-F Ele-F (GEA) carbon of -1 amsr -2 Indirect release through electricity Kilog Direct release -3 -4 -5 MS Bio-F Seq -6 Technologies FIGURE 5-10 Estimates of unit atmospheric carbon release per kilogram of hydrogen produced by 11 future possible hydrogen supply technologies, including generation by dedicated nuclear plants.
|
From page 60... ...
Figures 5-12 and 5-13 provide these estimates for current technologies and possible future technologies, Finding 5-1. Hydrogen from central station plant natural gas respectively, with PEM fuel cell vehicles.
|
From page 61... ...
) with 10 current hydrogen supply technologies.
|
From page 62... ...
Even with the possible technology advances, electricity purchased from the grid and the costs of generathydrogen from distributed electrolysis using photovoltaics ing electricity using photovoltaics or wind turbines will be or grid-supplied electricity, or hydrogen using gasification extremely important factors in determining the economic of biomass would have gasoline-efficiency-adjusted costs competitiveness of distributed electrolysis. significantly higher than the gasoline cost.
|
From page 63... ...
Carbon dioxide emissions could be brought would not substantially reduce energy use per mile driven. down to near zero with biomass, with electrolysis depending Only the system that uses 100 percent of its electricity from exclusively on wind turbines or photovoltaics, with nuclear wind turbines and solar power would sharply reduce wellenergy, or with the successful sequestration of carbon diox- to-wheels energy use, in this case down to near zero.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.