Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005) / Chapter Skim
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From page 577... ...
. See also lactation, 153, 316, 383 individual nutrients physical activity, 540-545 applicable population, 22 potassium, 232-234, 239, 240, 249, criteria used to derive, 6-7, 10, 12, 252 22, 28-29 pregnancy, 152, 239, 316, 382-383 defined, 3, 22, 26-27, 471 sodium and chloride, 306-307, 316, derivation of, 28-29, 30, 43-46, 140, 382-383, 385-387 452, 454, 456-457 ULs, 373, 376-381, 385-387 extrapolation between other age water, 90, 142-144, 152, 153, 155 groups, 27 157, 159-160, 540-545 indicators used to set, 3-4, 28-29 weights and heights, reference, 482, for labeling, 456 483 RDA compared, 23, 27 Adrenal insufficiency, 253 uncertainty in, 27 Adults, ages 19 through 50 years uses, 18-19, 27, 144, 452, 453-456, active, 154-155 462-463 ages 19 through 30 years, 32, 145, Adipose tissue, water content of, 75 148, 528-533, 540-545 Adolescents, ages 9 through 18 years ages 31 through 50 years, 32, 145, ages 9 through 13 years, 31-32, 143, 148, 528-533, 540-545 306 AIs, 32, 144-147, 234-235, 307-310 577
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From page 578... ...
578 INDEX blood pressure, 234 alcohol, 148 Body Mass Index, 483 bioavailability of nutrients, 32 bone mass, peak, 32 blood pressure, 46, 237, 311-312, bone mineral density, 234 380 cardiovascular disease, 234 cognitive function and motor dietary intakes, 86, 307-308, 309, 320 control, 105-108 energy metabolism, 32, 386 dehydration, 148, 149 extrapolation of data to infants and derivation of DRIs for, 32 children, 45, 233, 386 diuretics, 299 extrapolation of data to older energy expenditure, 33 adults, 45 energy intakes, 312 heat stress, 307 extrapolation of data from younger insulin resistance, 307 adults, 45-46, 237, 312 kidney stones, 234 hyperinsulinemia, 236-237 lactation, 153, 316 hyperkalemia, 188, 237 lipid levels, 308 hypernatremia, 149 physical activity, 103, 154-155, 308, hypertension, 283 540-545 hyponatremia, 299 potassium, 32, 191, 225, 226, 228, physical activity, 540-545 234-235, 245, 249, 323, 530-531 plasma renin activity, 283, 311 pregnancy, 152, 316 potassium, 46, 188, 213, 236-237, pulmonary function, 225 323, 530-531 renal function, 148 renal function, 32, 99, 147-149, 236, sodium and chloride, 11, 32, 148, 310-312 234, 270, 271, 276, 281-282, 307- reserve capacity and functioning, 32 310, 316, 320, 322, 323, 373, 376- salt sensitivity, 311 381, 382-383, 532-533 sodium and chloride, 11-12, 45-46, special considerations, 144, 154-155, 148, 270, 271, 280-281, 283, 299, 308 301, 310-313, 323, 381-382, 380, stroke, 234 381-382, 532-533 sulfate, 428, 433-436, 440-441 stroke, 150, 213 supplements, 249 supplements thermoregulation, 83 thirst, 149-150 ULs, 249, 373, 386-381 ULs, 381-382 urine osmolalities, 82 urine osmolalities, 82, 147, 149 water, 5-6, 75, 82, 83, 86, 87-88, 90, water, 82, 92-93, 99, 147-150, 159 92-93, 103, 144-147, 148, 153, 160, 161, 310, 528-529, 540-545 154-155, 157-158, 159-160, 161, Adverse effects, 50-51, 66, 70, 471 528-529, 540-545 African Americans weights and heights, reference, 482 blood pressure, 187, 202-203, 212, Adults, ages 51 through 70+ years 230-231, 234, 380, 387, 393 ages 51 through 70 years, 32-33, hydration of fat-free mass, 76-77 150, 528-533, 540-545 hypertension, 195-196, 218, 334-335, ages 71 years and older, 32-33, 150, 340-341, 346, 347 528-533, 540-545 left ventricular hypertrophy, 366 AIs, 45-46, 147-150, 236-237, 310-313 plasma renin activity, 283, 284-287
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From page 579... ...
See also Physical exercise and 354-355, 458 activity Aldosterone, 189, 194, 238-239, 243, body weight changes, 102 277, 281, 291, 311, 314, 315, 393 carbohydrate loading, 102 Aldosteronism, 238-239, 314, 393 dehydration, 121, 125 Alpha-adrenergic agonists, 243, 381 potassium balance, 226-227 Altitude exposure, 80, 132-133 rapid weight loss, 121, 125 American Academy of Pediatrics, 30, sodium balance, 317 43, 44 sweating rates, 127, 226 American Water Works Association, total body water, 78 442 urine color chart, 99 Amiloride, 227, 243 water consumption, 127, 162, 163 Amino acids, sulfur-containing, 187, Atrial natriuretic peptide, 139, 148, 189, 244, 425, 427, 429, 434-435 273, 315 5-Aminosalicylic acid, 440 Analgesics, 139 B Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor drug therapy, 188, 241- Bacteria, sulfate-reducing, 439 242, 243, 283 Balance studies Angiotensin gene, 394 chloride, 280 Angiotensin II, 111, 273, 274, 281, 311, defined, 39 315 potassium, 191-192, 193 receptor blocker, 392 pregnant women, 314 Animal studies sodium and chloride, 275-281, 301 cardiovascular disease, 357-358 302, 314 of dehydration, 79, 111, 120-121 water, 86-89, 93, 140, 142 extrapolation of data from, 53, 65, Bartter's syndrome, 239, 303 68, 564, 565 Beta-adrenergic blockade, 236, 237, potassium, 213, 236 243 pregnant animals, 437-438 Bicarbonate, 190, 194. See also relevance of, 38, 61-62, 63-64 Potassium bicarbonate sodium and chloride, 301, 302-303, precursors, 8, 186, 188, 240-241, 357-358, 373 242, 244
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From page 580... ...
, 98-99 391-392 BUN:creatinine ratio, 99 elevation in, 286-291 Body Mass Index, 34, 59, 348, 364, 482, as endpoint, 376-377 483 epidemiological studies, 197-200, Body water. See also Hydration status; 323-324, 326-329 Water consumption fruit and vegetable intakes and, 200- adolescents, 90 201 adults (19-50 years)
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From page 581... ...
See also Human milk; Nutrition, 478 Lactation Canadian Paediatric Society, 29-30, 43, recommendations, 29-30, 43, 384 44 and water intakes from weaning Carbamazepine, 299 foods, 526 Carbohydrate, 135, 309. See LowBronchitis, 372 carbohydrate, high-protein diets CARDIA Study, 200-201 Cardiac arrhythmias, 8, 38, 125-126, C 186, 194, 227, 242, 248-249 CARDIAC Study, 360-361 Caffeine, 7, 133-134, 226, 458 Cardiovascular disease Calcium, 33 animal studies, 357-358 and blood pressure, 388, 389, 390 children, 385 and bone mineral density, 190, 372, diabetes and, 300 374-375, 377 epidemiological studies, 358-365, dietary intakes, 309 368 in drinking water, 127
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From page 582... ...
Citrate excretion, 188, 224-225 See also Life-stage groups; Climate Toddlers cold, 81, 83, 89, 102, 132-133 active, 155 and exercise-related dehydration, AIs, 24, 27, 45, 142-143, 232-233, 108-110, 111 306-307 hot, 81, 82, 83-84, 102, 104, 110, blood pressure, 232-233 111, 115, 117, 127, 128-129, 154, dehydration, 110 155, 157, 164, 297-298 energy intakes, 306, 386 and hydration, 81, 82, 132-133, 154 extrapolation of data from adults and potassium, 225-227 to, 24, 27, 33, 45, 306, 386 and sodium, 275-276
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From page 583... ...
583 INDEX and sweating rate, 102 quality and completeness of, 3, 4, and thirst, 104 13, 27, 41-43, 47, 51, 56, 63-64, and urine output, 82, 83 66, 123, 235, 307, 382, 424, 430, and water consumption, 6, 74, 88, 441, 467 89, 90, 132-133, 157, 164 selection for dose-response Cognitive function, 32, 105-108, 139, assessment, 65-66, 373, 376 150 sodium and chloride, 373, 376 Colon cancer, 124 sulfate, 3, 4, 27 Congestive heart failure, 227, 241, 242, uncertainties in, 53, 56, 57 253, 365 Death Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by hydration status and, 120-121, 161 Individuals, 47-48, 141, 157, 158, hyperkalemia and, 242 231, 232, 233, 304, 306, 312, 320, Dehydration 461, 471-472, 518-526 altitude exposure and, 132 Coronary heart disease, 213, 216-217, animal studies, 79, 111, 120-121 218, 283, 323, 325, 357-365, 377 and blood clots, 126 Creatinine, 242, 358 and cardiac arrhythmias, 125-126 Critical endpoint and cardiovascular function, 110, blood pressure as, 376-377 118-120, 125-126 defined, 66 and central nervous system sodium and chloride, 376-377 function, 110 Cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors and, 242, children, 110 243 and chronic diseases, 122-127, 136Cysteine, 27, 13, 424, 425, 426, 427, 138 429, 432, 439 cognitive performance and motor Cystic fibrosis, 137-138, 163, 300, 303 control, 105-108 Cystine, 439 and death, 120-121 defined, 472 diuretic-induced, 97, 139-140 D and gastric emptying rate, 131-132 and heat strain tolerance, 97, 111, D-penicillamine, 430 114-115, 131-132 DASH diet, 292, 295, 308, 309, 334 indicators of, 92-94, 99, 100-101 335, 346, 347, 348-349, 355, 369, infants, 384 379, 390, 391, 472, 553-555 and metabolic functions, 110 DASH-Sodium Trial, 308, 346, 347-348, misdiagnosis as hyponatremia, 163 350, 391, 461, 472, 553-555 and mitral valve prolapse, 126 DASH trial, 231, 289-290, 472 and muscular strength, 110, 116-117 Data and database issues and osteoporosis, 126-127 availability of data, 2-3, 24, 27, 28, partitioning of water loss, 79 29, 31, 298, 376, 451 and physical work, 97, 108-110, 112 critical data set, 65 113, 114, 116-117, 163 for dose-response assessment, 65-66, plasma volume, 97 373, 376 and renal function, 98, 99, 139, 148, for hazard identification, 61-62, 63 152 64 and thermoregulation, 79, 110, 111 human studies, 2-3, 65
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From page 584... ...
and dehydration, 136-137, 139 applicable population, 22 and hyperkalemia, 241, 242, 243, assessment applications, 17-19, 450 252-253 455 and hyporeninemic categories, 21, 22-29; see also hypoaldosteronism, 301 Adequate Intakes; Estimated sodium and chloride and, 16, 300- Average Requirements; 301, 380, 391-392 Recommended Dietary urine osmolality and, 100, 136 Allowance; Tolerable Upper Diarrhea, 78, 94, 303, 424, 427, 433- Intake Levels 438, 440, 441 criteria for, 2-4, 6-7, 10, 12, 21, 28Dietary Approaches to Stop 29 Hypertension. See DASH diet defined, 3, 21-22, 35 Dietary intakes.
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From page 585... ...
sulfate, 438, 440-442 coefficient of variation, 24 uncertainty assessment, 66-68, 379 country comparisons 380 defined, 3, 23-24, 451, 472 water, 154-165 derivation of, 3, 24-26, 144, 480-481 Drinking water method used to set, 24-26, 42, 453 bottled water, 318, 440 and RDA, 23, 24-26 calcium in, 127 research recommendations, 466-467 intakes by gender and life-stage, 73, standard deviation, 24, 480 86, 158, 161, 498-501, 520-523 uses, 18-19, 24-26, 42, 451-452, 4 sulfate in, 13, 425, 430, 432, 433 62 435, 436-437, 438, 440, 442-443 taste, 102-104 temperature, 102-104, 135-126
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From page 586... ...
See also activity Formula, infant Exposure Framingham Heart Study, 365-566 acceptable or tolerable, 53 Furosemide, 241, 299, 311 duration of, 63, 66 route of, 63, 65, 66 G Exposure assessment process, 54, 55, 63 Gallstones, 124 and UL derivation, 57, 70 Gastric cancer, 372-373, 377, 395 water overconsumption, 165 Gastric emptying rate, 131-132 Gastrointestinal potassium-related discomfort, 247 F 249, 252 Factorial approach, 25, 480-481 water losses, 81-83 Fainting, 118-119 Gender differences. See also Men; Fat-free mass, 75-77, 142, 457 Women Fatigue, 106 blood pressure, 348, 386, 390-391 Fecal body water, 77-78 potassium losses, 189, 191 calcium, 369 sodium losses, 277 cardiovascular disease, 366 water losses, 135-136, 140 physical activity, 538-545 Fetal sulfate requirements, 429-430 potassium, 10, 192, 504-509, 516Fever, 78, 111, 120-121.
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From page 587... ...
587 INDEX Glycogen, skeletal muscle, 78, 102 Human milk Glycosaminoglycans, 430 potassium, 231-232, 239-240 Glycosuria, 136, 300 sodium and chloride, 304, 305, 384 Growth sulfate, 432 sodium chloride and, 301-303 volume of intake, 30, 43, 141, 231 sulfate and, 427-428, 429-430 water content, 153 velocity, 29, 31, 32 Hydration status. See also Dehydration; Hyperhydration and blood pressure, 118-120 H blood urea nitrogen and, 98-99 and body weight changes, 101-102, Hazard identification 110, 151 animal data, 61-62, 63 and cardiovascular disease, 367 causality, 63, 70 fluid consumption and, 86, 92, 94 components of, 54, 55, 62 95, 102 data sources, 61-62 and health and performance, 105 defined, 473 127 evaluation process, 62-63 heat acclimatization and, 92, 97, 98 human studies, 61 indicators, 4, 5, 73, 77, 90-91, 122, pharmacokinetic and metabolic 142, 144 data, 63-64, 69 lactation and, 153 potassium, 247-249 methods for estimating, 90-127 sodium and chloride, 323-373 plasma osmolality, 4, 92-94, 100, sulfate, 433-440 102, 104, 115, 139, 151-152 water, 162-164 plasma sodium concentration and, Health Canada, 1, 21, 320, 473, 478 95-97 Health Professionals Follow-up Study, plasma volume changes and, 37, 97 198-199, 214-215, 218, 223, 327 98, 102, 104-105, 119, 132, 150, Heat acclimatization, 92, 97, 98, 109, 151 114, 115, 127, 129-130, 226, 276, pregnancy and, 151-152 277, 296-297, 308 saliva specific gravity and, 100-101 Heat balance, 133 serum osmolality, 4, 5, 94-95, 135, Heat exhaustion, 115 137, 142-143, 148, 534-536 Heat strain tolerance, 89, 97, 111, 114 sodium and chloride and, 94, 95-97, 117, 127-132, 485-493 296, 301, 310 Heat stress, 78, 83, 90, 105, 110, 118, thirst and, 86, 102-105, 149-150, 151 120-121, 131, 133, 157, 308 total body water changes, 90-99 and potassium, 225-227 urine indicators, 82-83, 92, 99-101, Heat stroke, 121 105, 148 Heliobacter pylori infection, 373 and water consumption, 86, 94-95 Hematuria, 280 Hydrochlorothiazide, 241 Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, 274 Hydrogen, 273 Heparin, 242, 243, 431 Hydrogen isotope activity, 89, 91, 142, High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 151 283, 292, 294-295 Hydroxyapatite, 190 Honolulu Heart Study, 213-215, 216 Hyperaldosteronism, 280 Human feeding studies, 38-39
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From page 588... ...
See also Blood risk reduction-based, 28-29 pressure; Cardiovascular disease Infants, ages 0-12 months. See also caffeine and, 134 Formulas, infant; Human milk children, 386 ages 0 through 6 months, 29, 30, defined, 473 43-44, 90, 141, 142, 159, 231, and diuretics, 227, 241 232, 304, 305 drug therapy thresholds, 325 ages 7 through 12 months, 29, 30 guidelines for prevention and 31, 44, 90, 141-142, 159, 231-232, management, 378 304, 305, 526 interactions of electrolytes and, 229 AIs, 27, 29, 30, 43-44, 140-142, 231 intervention studies, 284-287 232, 303-305, 455 plasma renin activity, 284-287 Bartter's syndrome, 303 prevalence, 354 blood pressure, 239, 384-385 prevention of, 197, 201, 203, 208- bottle-fed, 90 211, 351-357, 378 chloride deficiency, 280 and renal disease, 325-326, 392 cystic fibrosis, 303 sodium chloride and, 136, 195, 197, dehydration, 384 201, 203, 208-211, 271, 282, 283, diarrhea, 437 301, 351-357, 380, 382, 391, 455 dietary intakes 30, 31, 43, 141-142, Hypertension Prevention Trial, 336- 304, 526 337, 355, 356-357 extrapolation of data from adults Hyperthermia, 111 to, 44, 45 Hyperthyroidism, 442 extrapolation of data from younger Hypoaldosteronism, 243, 301 to older infants, 44-45 Hypocalciuria, 222, 229, 230 growth, 29, 44, 87, 301-303, 481 Hypochloremia, 280, 299 hematuria, 280
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From page 589... ...
589 INDEX hyperaldosterone, 280 sodium chloride, 195-197, 222, 224 hyperchloremia, 302, 303 225, 273, 298-299, 323, 388-390 hypoaldosteronism, 301 water, 133-136, 144-145 hypokalemia, 280 International Atomic Energy Agency, hyponatremia, 162, 384 22, 51 ileostomies, 301-302 Intersalt study, 136, 197, 198-201, 327, low birth weight, 141, 301 328, 350, 360-361, 373, 390 metabolic acidosis, 280, 302 Intervention studies methodological considerations, 43- blood pressure, 200-212, 325, 329 45 351, 546-557 milk consumption, 27, 141-142, 384 bone demineralization prevention, newborn, 59, 75, 90 219, 221-222 plasma renin, 280 calcium, 370-371 potassium, 44, 231-232, 239, 249, cardiovascular diseases, 364, 367, 252, 526 368-369 preterm, 301 design features, 556-557 pyloric stenosis, 303 meta-analyses, 201-204, 205-206, recommended food sources, 29-30, 212, 282, 283, 325, 350-353 43, 44, 384 plasma renin activity, 284-287 reference weight potassium, 200-212, 219, 221-222 renal disorders, 303 sodium and chloride, 202-203, 282, sodium and chloride, 44, 301-306, 283, 329-351, 364, 367, 368-371, 384-385, 526 546-557 solid foods 30, 31, 44, 141, 231, 301, Iodine, 317-318 304, 526 Iron, 30, 440, 480, 481 special considerations, 140-141 sulfate, 433, 436-437, 441 J ULs, 249, 252 water, 75, 87, 90, 140-142, 159, 162, Joint National Committee on 384, 526 Prevention, Detection, weight gain, 301 Evaluation, and Treatment of Insensible water losses, 83-85, 140 High Blood Pressure, 378 Institute of Medicine, 43, 44 Insulin K potassium and, 188, 194, 236-237, 243 Kallikrein-kinin system, 273, 274 resistance, 12, 38, 270, 275, 283, Ketoaciduria, 136 292-293, 300 Ketosis, 135, 240 sodium chloride and, 12, 270, 275, Kidney stones, 38. See also Renal 283, 292-293, 300 function and water intake, 139 calcium and, 122, 123, 223, 372, Interactions of dietary factors 374-377 and bioavailability, 60 interactions of electrolytes and, 229 and blood pressure, 388-390 meat intake and, 224 potassium, 191, 195-197, 201, 203, potassium and, 8, 38, 186, 187, 189, 208-211, 218, 222, 224-225, 228 194, 222-225, 228, 229, 230, 231, 230 233, 234, 235, 240, 372
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From page 590... ...
, 426Left ventricle hypertrophy, 283, 358, 427, 436, 438-439 365-369, 377, 395 Memory, 106-107 Leukemia, 243 Men Life-stage groups. See also Adolescents; athletes, 127 Adults; Children; Infants; gastric cancer, 373 Toddlers heat capacity, 83 body water by, 77-78 hydration of fat-free mass, 76-77 categories, 29-33 performance effects of dehydration, chloride, 12-13 105-107 intakes by, 5, 10, 494-517 plasma osmolality, 93 potassium, 10, 231-247, 249, 252- sodium, 322 253, 504-509, 516-517 urine osmolalities, 82 serum osmolality by, 94, 95, 534-536 water intakes, 103 sodium and chloride, 12-13, 301- water requirements, 87, 88, 90, 91, 318, 373, 376-387, 510-513, 516- 93, 127 517, 560-563 Metabolic acidosis, 194, 221, 228, 229, sulfate, 430, 433-437 240, 243, 274, 280, 303, 318, 438 and toxicological sensitivities, 59 439 water, 5, 6-7, 77, 140-157, 159-160, Metabolic water production, 85-86, 140 161, 494-503, 518-525, 528-529, Metabolic weight ratio method, 44-45 534-536 Metabolism weights and heights, reference, 482 acid-base balance, 189-190, 224-225, Lithium, 140 274 Liver function, 59, 121 hydration status and, 110 potassium, 188-189
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From page 591... ...
591 INDEX pregnancy and, 33, 59 in risk assessment, 53, 61-62, 63-64, sodium and chloride, 272-274 67, 564-567 sulfate, 426-427 serum and plasma osmolality water production and losses, 81, 83, determinations, 95 85-86, 102, 140-141 supplementation trials, 41 Methionine, 13, 27, 424, 425, 426, 427, weighing the evidence, 41-42, 61 429, 430, 432 Methylsulfonylmethane, 431 Methodological issues. See also Data Methylxanthines, 133 and database issues; Indicators of Military personnel nutrient adequacy heat exhaustion, 115, 121 AI derivation for infants, 43-45 sodium requirements, 485-493 in balance studies, 39, 151 water balance, 81, 84-85, 128, 129, in blood pressure studies, 289, 328, 130, 163, 485-493 385 Mineralocorticoid receptor-mediated body weight measurement, 101-102 exchange, 273 confounding and bias, 40, 101-102, Mineralocorticoids, 189, 194, 238 105, 201, 326, 328, 367, 378 Mitral valve prolapse, 126 data sources, 2-3, 38-43, 53, 326 Monte Carlo simulation, 25-26 in dietary intake estimates, 40, 47, Mood, 106 134, 145, 224, 245, 326, 358, 359, Motor control, 105-108 394, 450-451, 467 Mountain sickness, 132 epidemiological evidence, 39-40 Multiple Risk Factor Intervention extrapolation from animal studies, Trial, 364 38, 53, 61-62, 63-64, 65, 68, 69, Muscle catabolism, 38, 162, 274 564, 565, 566 Muscle weakness, 8, 110, 116-117, 186, extrapolation from other age 194, 236 groups, 24, 31, 33, 42, 44-46, 69, Myocardial infarction, 283, 358, 359, 233, 237 365 factorial approach, 25, 480-481 generalizability of studies, 39, 41, N 66-67 human feeding studies, 38-39, 556- N-acetyl-L-cycteine, 430 557 National Food Consumption Survey, in hydration studies, 101-102, 116, 86, 157, 158, 474 151 National Health and Nutrition interactions of dietary factors, 201 Examination Survey I, intervention studies, 329, 344-345, Epidemiological Follow-up 367, 556-557 Study, 359, 364 Monte Carlo approach, 25-26, 481 National Health and Nutrition in nutrient intake estimates, 40, 46- Examination Survey II, 45 47 National Health and Nutrition observational studies, 38, 39-40, 61, Examination Survey III, 4-5, 34, 326-329, 378 46, 47, 48, 94, 95, 142, 143, 144, pregnant and lactating women, 46, 145, 153, 154, 158, 160, 161, 196, 151 200-201, 216-217, 218, 245, 247, randomized clinical trials, 40-41 320, 322, 372, 394, 432, 481, 494 517, 534-545, 558-563
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From page 592... ...
See also Dietary 111, 114, 115, 132 intakes cystic fibrosis patients, 300 assessment of, 17-19, 70, 450-453 endurance exercise, 110, 112-113, biomarker measures, 40 115, 118, 162, 163 calculation of, 46-47 gastric emptying rate and, 131-132 chronic intakes above the UL, 70-71 and heat strain, 6-7, 84, 102, 104, methodological considerations, 40, 106, 110, 111, 114-117, 127-132, 47 163, 164, 293, 296-298 Nutrient-nutrient interactions. See also hydration status and, 97, 108-110, Interactions of dietary factors 112-113, 114, 116-117, 163 adverse, 51 hyperhydration and, 117-118 Nutrition Canada Survey, 482, 483 hypothermia of, 111 leisure time, 154, 155, 537-545 O and plasma volume, 97 and potassium, 225-227 Obesity and overweight, 40, 240, 364, and pulmonary function, 372 365, 366, 390, 391-392, 450, recommended, 145 482 and salivary osmolality, 101 Observational studies.
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From page 593... ...
593 INDEX Plasma and blood pressure, 8, 9, 186, 187, aldosterone, 275, 277, 311, 314 194, 195-212, 213, 218, 228, 229, alkalinity, 274 230-231, 232-233, 234, 235, 237, arginine vasopressin, 139, 148, 315 239, 241, 298, 330-345, 347, 388 bicarbonate, 190, 194, 221, 224, 238 389 chloride, 194 and bone mineral density, 8, 38, cholesterol, 283 186, 187, 189, 190, 194, 219-222, osmolality, 4, 92-94, 100, 102, 104, 228, 231, 233, 234, 235, 240 115, 139, 151-152 and calcium balance, 189, 190, 194, potassium concentration, 188, 189, 218, 219, 221, 222, 224, 228, 229, 194, 226, 236, 237, 238, 248 230, 240 protein, 92, 132 and cardiac arrhythmias, 8, 14, 38, renin activity, 12, 275, 280, 281-287, 186, 194, 227, 242, 248-249 291, 311, 314, 315, 359 and cardiovascular disease, 8, 186, sodium, 95-97, 164, 194, 281, 315 195, 213-219, 241, 323, 354 volume, 37, 97-98, 102, 104-105, children, 45, 223, 225, 232-233, 234, 119, 132, 150, 151, 272, 275, 277, 237, 249, 252, 323 281, 292, 300, 310, 313 and chronic disease prevention, Police recruits, 121 194, 213-219 Polyuria, 151 and coronary heart disease, 213, Potassium 216-217, 218, 354 absorption and metabolism, 188-189 cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors and, and acid-base balance, 8, 186-187, 242, 243 189-190, 194, 221, 224-225, 228, DASH diet, 348-349, 355 229, 240, 459 deficiency, 192-193, 195, 222, 224, adolescents, 232-234, 239, 240, 249, 227, 228, 233; see also 252 Hypokalemia adults (19-50 years) , 32, 191, 225, dietary fiber and, 191, 201 226, 228, 234-235, 245, 249, 323, diuretics and, 188, 194-195, 227, 530-531 239, 241, 242, 243, 249, 252-253, adverse effects of overconsumption, 458 14-15, 187-188, 247-254, 459; see dose-response assessment, 212, 249 also Hyperkalemia 254 AIs, 9, 10, 187, 231-240, 379, 454, epidemiological studies, 197-200, 456, 458-459 212, 214-217, 219, 220-221, 222 and aldosterone, 189, 194, 238-239, 224, 225, 234 243 factors affecting requirements, 225 animal studies, 213, 236 231, 458-459 assessing and planning intakes, 458- fecal losses, 189, 191 459 fetal accretion, 237-238 balance studies, 191-192, 193 food sources of, 8-9, 186, 187, 188, beta-adrenergic blockade, 236, 237, 192, 200-204, 212, 242, 244-245, 243 249, 459 bicarbonate precursors, 8, 186, 188, forms of, 188, 191, 203, 228, 231, 240-241, 242, 244, 458 235, 247, 249
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From page 594... ...
, urinary excretion, 189, 191, 192, 46, 188, 213, 236-237, 323, 530- 197, 202-203, 205, 206, 207, 209, 531 211, 212, 225, 227, 230, 238-239, and osteoporosis, 189, 229 241, 247, 248, 249, 250-251, 331, and phosphate balance, 219, 221 333, 335, 337, 339, 341, 343, 345, physical activity and, 225-227 347 plasma concentrations, 188, 189, water balance and, 78, 226, 238-239 194, 226, 236, 237, 238, 248
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From page 595... ...
595 INDEX Potassium bicarbonate, 188, 190, 194, Protein, dietary 195, 196, 210-211, 213, 219, 221, and acid-base balance, 224 222, 224, 228, 230, 234, 298, 459 animal sources, 189-190, 224 Potassium chloride, 188, 194, 201, 204- deficiency, 429 211, 212, 213, 221, 222, 228, 230, intake, 24, 46, 98, 135, 144-145, 309; 236, 245, 247, 248, 254, 298 see also Low-carbohydrate, highPotassium citrate, 188, 203, 210-211, protein diets 213, 221-222, 224-225, 234 metabolism, 425, 427 Potassium sulfate, 426 plasma levels, 92 Pregnancy. See also Lactation potassium interaction, 8, 187, 189, accretion of electrolytes, 237-238, 190, 219, 224 313-314 serum levels, 78, 292 adolescents, 152, 239, 383 and sulfate, 425, 427, 429, 442 AIs, 33, 46, 151-152, 237-239, 313- and water consumption, 135 316 Psychogenic polydipsia, 14, 161, 162 alkalemia of gestation, 238 163, 474 animal studies, 437-438 Puberty/pubertal development balance studies, 314 age at onset, 31, 483 bicarbonaturia, 238 racial/ethnic differences, 31-32 blood pressure, 239, 382, 383 and sweating rate, 156 body water, 151-152, 313 Pulmonary function, 225, 372, 377 diabetes insipidus, 152 Pyridinoline, 219 energy intake, 315 hydration status, 151-152 R hyponatremia, 315 kaliuresis, 238-239 Race/ethnicity plasma osmolality, 151-152 and blood pressure, 348, 380, 387, potassium, 46, 237-239, 245, 247, 388 252, 253 and potassium, 9, 187, 195-197, 202 pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, 239, 203, 212, 218, 230-231, 234, 245, 245, 253, 382, 438, 439 247, 506-509 renal function, 151, 152, 313, 315 and pubertal development, 31-32 renin-angiotensin-aldosterone sodium, 16, 283, 348, 380, 512-513 system, 314-315 and water consumption, 141 salt wasting, 314, 382 Rancho Bernardo Study, 213, 214-215 sickle cell anemia, 239 Randomized clinical trials, 40-41 sodium and chloride, 46, 151, 238, Recommended Dietary Allowance 313-316, 322-323, 382-383 (RDA)
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From page 596... ...
See also UL use of, 33, 481-483 modeling Renal disease, 16, 139, 241, 243, 253, application to nutrients, 28, 57-61 271, 272, 310, 323, 325-326, 377, basic concepts, 52-53 380, 392 bioavailability considerations, 60-61 Renal failure, 121, 162, 442 defined, 52, 474 Renal function. See also Kidney stones EPA guidelines, 566 BUN and, 98 and food safety, 28, 52-57 concentrating ability, 147-148, 151 nutrient interactions, 60, 62 and dehydration, 98, 99, 139, 148, process, 54-55 152 sensitivity of individuals, 59-60, 64 diluting ability, 149, 151 65 incomplete syndrome of renal thresholds, 55-57 tubular acidosis, 229, 239, 243 uncertainties, 52, 53, 564-567 lactation, 153 Risk characterization magnesium and, 436 components of, 54, 55 in older adults, 32, 59, 147-149, 310- defined, 52-53, 474 312 sodium and chloride, 394 potassium and, 190, 213, 229, 236, sulfate, 442-443 239, 242, 243, 253 water, 165 pregnancy, 151 Risk management, 53, 55, 71, 475, 566, sodium chloride and, 148, 281, 303, 567 310-312, 313, 315 Rotterdam Study, 200-201 water consumption and, 74, 139, 147-149, 162, 163 S weight and, 390 Renin activity, 281-287 S-methylmethionine, 431 Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, Saliva specific gravity, 100-101 94, 105, 273, 287, 291, 311, 314- Salt resistance, 287, 292, 388 315, 367, 381, 390, 391-392, 393 Salt sensitivity, 8, 9, 38, 186, 187, 194, Requirement, defined, 21-22 195-197, 228, 230-231, 234, 235, Research recommendations, 19-20 271, 287, 311, 380, 381-382, 387 approach to setting, 465-466 388, 389, 391, 392, 393, 475 chronic disease relationships to Salt substitutes, 15, 242, 245, 248, 249, intakes, 467-468 252-253, 254 dietary intake assessment, 467 Salt wasting, 314, 382, 393 major knowledge gaps and, 466-467 Schizophrenia, 162 potassium, 254, 466, 468 Scottish Heart Health Study, 200-201, priorities, 468-470 216-217, 218, 327, 362-363, 364 sodium and chloride, 272, 395-397, Sensitive subpopulations.
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From page 597... ...
, 11, 32, 148, 345-346, 373-387, 394, 546-557 234, 270, 271, 276, 281-282, 307- epidemiological studies, 283, 323 310, 316, 320, 322, 323, 373, 376- 324, 326-329, 358, 359, 368, 374 381, 382-383, 532-533 377, 378, 381 adverse effects of overconsumption, factors affecting requirements, 293, 13, 15-16, 45, 270-271, 320, 323- 296-301 395 factors affecting ULs, 387-394 AIs, 11, 12-13, 45-46, 235, 270, 303- food sources, 304, 318-320 307, 308, 310, 312, 316, 320, 379, function, 11, 38, 269, 272, 459 454, 455, 456, 459-461 and gastric cancer, 372-373, 377, and aldosterone, 277, 291, 311, 314, 395 315, 393 gender differences, 312, 322, 348, animal studies, 301, 302-303, 357- 369, 390-391, 510-513, 516-517, 358, 373 532-533, 560-563 assessing and planning intakes, 459- genetic factors, 16, 393-394 461 and glucose intolerance, 292, 296 balance studies, 275-281, 301-302, 297; see also Diabetes mellitus 314 and growth, 301-303 and blood pressure, 15-16, 195-197, hazard identification, 323-373 202-212, 228, 230-231, 270-271, and hydration status, 94, 95-97, 296, 273, 275, 281-291, 300, 311-312, 301, 310 323-357, 376-379, 382-394, 395, hyperchloremia, 302 460, 546-557
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From page 598... ...
598 INDEX and hypertension, 136, 195, 197, physical activity and, 11, 115, 270, 201, 203, 208-211, 271, 282, 283, 277, 293, 296-298, 300, 308, 317, 301, 351-357, 380, 382, 391, 455 372, 460, 485-493 and hypoaldosteronism, 301 plasma concentration, 95-97, 164, hypochloremia, 280, 299 194, 281, 315 hyponatremia, 281, 299, 300, 301, and plasma volume, 277, 292, 300, 315, 461 310, 313 indicators considered for setting potassium and, 190, 191, 195-197, requirements, 9, 11-13, 275-293, 202-212, 222, 223-225, 228-231, 303-305, 306-312, 313-316, 466 233, 235, 238, 273, 298-299, 323, in infant formula, 301, 302, 303, 329, 330-345, 347, 354, 372, 379, 305-306, 432 388-389, 516-517 infants, 44, 301-306, 384-385, 526 predictions of requirements, 485 and insulin resistance, 12, 270, 275, 493 283, 292-293, 300 pregnancy, 46, 151, 238, 313-316, intakes, 44, 46, 203, 212, 272, 276, 322-323, 382-383 277, 281, 282, 285, 287, 304, 320- and pulmonary function, 372, 323, 330, 332, 334, 336, 338, 340, 377 342, 344, 347, 394-396, 455, 510- race/ethnicity, 16, 283, 348, 380, 513, 516-517, 526, 532-533 512-513 interactions with other dietary and renal disease, 16, 325-326, 377, factors, 195-197, 222, 224-225, 380, 392 273, 298-299, 323, 388-390 and renal function, 148, 281, 303, intervention studies, 202-203, 282, 310-312, 313, 315 283, 329-351, 364, 367, 368-371, and renin activity, 12, 275, 280, 281 546-557 287, 291, 314, 315, 359 and iodine intake, 317-318 and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and kidney stones, 223-224, 372, system, 287, 291, 311, 314-315, 374-377 381, 393 lactation, 46, 304, 305, 316, 382-383 research recommendations, 272, and left ventricle hypertrophy, 283, 395-397, 466, 467-468 358, 365-369, 377, 395 risk characterization, 394 by life-stage group, 12-13, 301-318, serum concentration, 95-97, 137, 373, 376-387, 510-513, 516-517, 163-164, 281, 315, 560-563 560-563 special considerations, 317-318 and lipid levels, 12, 270, 283, 292, and stroke, 283, 357-365, 377 294-295, 308 supplements, 301, 302, 338-339, LOAEL/NOAEL, 377-379, 380 455 and magnesium, 388, 389 temperature and, 293-298, 308, 317, meta-analyses of studies, 292, 323- 485-493 324, 350-351, 378, 391 and thirst, 103, 104, 149 metabolism, 272-274 transport defects, 148 older and elderly adults (51+ years) , ULs, 13, 15-16, 45, 270-271, 320, 11-12, 45-46, 148, 270, 271, 280- 323-395, 456 281, 283, 299, 301, 310-313, 323, uncertainty assessment, 379-380 380, 381-382, 532-533
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From page 599... ...
599 INDEX urinary excretion, 197, 203, 205, bioavailable, 431 206, 207, 209, 211, 212, 276, 277, data quality and completeness, 3, 4, 282, 285, 287, 295, 298-299, 302, 13, 27, 424, 430, 441 310, 314, 320, 322, 326, 328, 331, deficiency, 427-429 333, 335, 337, 339, 341, 343, 345, and diarrhea, 424, 427, 433-438, 347, 349, 351, 358-359, 366, 368, 440, 441 372 dose-response assessment, 438, 440 and water, 4, 74, 78-79, 115, 136, 442 148, 151, 162, 163-164, 281, 485- in drinking water, 13, 425, 430, 432, 493 433-435, 436-437, 438, 440, 442 and weight, 301, 313, 314, 390 443 Sodium bicarbonate, 78, 274-275, 302, factors affecting requirements, 429 318, 319, 369 430 Sodium citrate, 275, 318, 369 fetal requirements, 429-430 Sodium sulfate, 426, 436 function, 13, 37, 424, 425-426 Special considerations and growth, 427-428, 429-430 adults, 154-155 hazard identification, 433-440 children, 155 and hyperthyroidism, 442 chronic diseases, 253-254 indicators considered for estimating diuretics, 241 requirements, 429 high-temperature environments, infants, 433, 436-437, 441 154, 317 intake, 427, 428, 433, 434-435 hyperkalemia predisposition, 241- lactation, 438 242 by life-stage group, 430, 433-437 hyperthyroidism, 442 and metabolic acidosis, 438-439 identification of, 64-65, 69 metabolism, 425-427 infants, 140-141 and osteoarthritis, 429, 431 iodine intake, 317-318 pregnancy, 429-430, 437-438, 439 low-carbohydrate, high-protein and renal failure, 442 diets, 240-241 research recommendations, 443, physical activity, 154-155, 156, 317 467, 468 potassium, 188, 237, 240-242, 253- risk characterization, 442-443 254 sources, 4, 13, 27, 37, 424, 425, 426, problem pregnancy, 253 428, 430-433 renal failure, 253, 442 special considerations, 442 sodium and chloride, 317-318 supplements, 438, 439 sulfate, 442 and ulcerative colitis, 424, 439-440, water, 154-157 441 Spirolactones, 227 ULs, 16, 424, 433-443 Stroke, 8, 150, 186, 194, 213, 214-217, Supplements, dietary 218, 219, 234, 283, 323, 324, 325, bioavailability considerations, 22, 354, 357-365, 377 60-61 Sulfate calcium, 299, 389 and acetaminophen, 428, 429 clinical trials, 41 adults, 428, 433-436, 440-441 data sources on intakes, 453 animal studies, 437-438 doses, 28, 51-52, 58
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From page 600... ...
See also Climate supplement use and, 28, 51 core body, 110, 114, 115, 118, 121; uses, 18-19, 28, 51, 452-453, 455, see also Thermoregulation 456, 462-463 and physical activity, 293-298 water, 14 and sodium chloride, 293-298, 308, Toxicity, mechanisms of action, 64 317, 485-493 Trauma, 78 and water requirements, 80, 81 Theobromine, 133
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From page 601... ...
Department of Health and Uncertainty factors Human Services, 47 defined, 56, 475 Office of Disease Prevention and selection of, 66 Health Promotion, 1 Urea, 135, 151, 427, 429 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Uric acid, 122 433, 440, 442, 566 Urinary tract infections, 121-122.
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From page 602... ...
, 5-6, 87-88, 144- hydration status and, 86, 92, 94-95, 147, 154-155, 157-158, 159-160, 102 161, 540-545 and hyponatremia, 14, 161-164, 281 adverse effects of overconsumption, indicators of adequacy, 4-8, 122 14, 74, 154-165 from infant weaning foods, 526 AIs, 4, 5, 6-7, 73, 140-157, 453-454, infants, 87, 140-142, 162 456-458 intake data, 4-5, 48, 103, 157-161, altitude exposure and, 80, 132-133 498-501, 502-503, 524-525, 526, assessment of intakes, 79 534-545 balance studies, 86-89, 93, 140, 142 interactions of dietary factors, 133 from beverages, 5, 73, 86, 145, 146- 136, 144-145, 457 147, 157, 158, 160, 161, 500-501, and kidney stones, 122-123 522-523 lactation, 46, 153, 161 and bladder cancer, 124-125 by life-stage group, 5, 6-7, 140-157, and bladder lesions from 159-160, 161, 494-503, 518-525, overconsumption, 164 528-529, 534-536 Canadian, 6, 74, 160, 528-529 macronutrient intakes and, 135-136, children, 45, 87, 142-143, 155-157, 144-145, 457 159-160, 164, 538-539 methods for estimating, 86-90 in cold climates, 89, 132-133 older and elderly adults (51+ years) , and colon cancer, 124 147-150, 159-160, 161, 540-545 cystic fibrosis and, 137-138, 163 pathophysiological factors, 136-140 diabetes mellitus and, 136-137, 139 physical activity and, 4, 6-7, 14, 74, diuretics and medication use and, 7, 80, 88-89, 127-132, 144, 154-157, 139-140, 458 160, 162, 163, 164, 457, 485-493, dose-response assessment, 154-165 537-545 from drinking water, 73, 86, 158, potassium excretion, 78, 238-239 161, 498-501, 520-523 pregnancy, 151-152, 161 environmental factors, 4, 74, 88, 89, protein intake and, 135 90, 127-133, 144
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From page 603... ...
, 11, 269, pregnancy, 151 276, 315, 322, 328, 350 rapid loss, 121, 125 sodium chloride and, 301, 313, 314, Z 390 WHO-Cardiac Study, 327 Zinc, 30 Wilson's disease, 430
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From page 605... ...
, Elements 614 Estimated Average Requirements for Groups 616 605
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From page 606... ...
presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs)
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From page 607... ...
i In view of evidence linking folate intake with neural tube defects in the fetus, it is recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 µg from supplements or fortified foods in addition to intake of food folate from a varied diet. j It is assumed that women will continue consuming 400 µg from supplements or fortified food until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enter prenatal care, which ordinarily occurs after the end of the periconceptional period -- the critical time for formation of the neural tube.
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From page 608... ...
For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.
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From page 609... ...
; Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998) ; Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000)
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From page 610... ...
c Not determined. SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2005)
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From page 611... ...
: Additional Macronutrient Recommendations Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Macronutrient Recommendation Dietary cholesterol As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet Trans fatty acids As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet Saturated fatty acids As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet Added sugars Limit to no more than 25% of total energy SOURCE: Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2005)
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From page 612... ...
Unless otherwise specified, the UL represents total intake from food, water, and supplements. Due to lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for vitamin K, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and carotenoids.
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From page 613... ...
noidse Acid ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 10 30 300 ND ND ND 1.0 ND ND 15 40 400 ND ND ND 1.0 ND ND 20 60 600 ND ND ND 2.0 ND ND 30 80 800 ND ND ND 3.0 ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND ND 30 80 800 ND ND ND 3.0 ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND ND 30 80 800 ND ND ND 3.0 ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND f ND = Not determinable due to lack of data of adverse effects in this age group and concern with regard to lack of ability to handle excess amounts. Source of intake should be from food only to prevent high levels of intake.
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From page 614... ...
d Although silicon has not been shown to cause adverse effects in humans, there is no justification for adding silicon to supplements. e Although vanadium in food has not been shown to cause adverse effects in humans, 614
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From page 615... ...
(µg/d) fate ND ND ND ND ND 45 ND ND ND 4 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 60 ND ND ND 5 ND ND 2 300 0.2 3.0 ND 90 ND ND ND 7 1.5 2.3 3 600 0.3 3.0 ND 150 ND ND ND 12 1.9 2.9 6 1,100 0.6 4.0 ND 280 ND ND ND 23 2.2 3.4 9 1,700 1.0 4.0 ND 400 ND ND ND 34 2.3 3.6 11 2,000 1.0 4.0 ND 400 ND ND 1.8 40 2.3 3.6 11 2,000 1.0 3.0 ND 400 ND ND 1.8 40 2.3 3.6 9 1,700 1.0 3.5 ND 400 ND ND ND 34 2.3 3.6 11 2,000 1.0 3.5 ND 400 ND ND ND 40 2.3 3.6 9 1,700 1.0 4.0 ND 400 ND ND ND 34 2.3 3.6 11 2,000 1.0 4.0 ND 400 ND ND ND 40 2.3 3.6 there is no justification for adding vanadium to food and vanadium supplements should be used with caution.
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From page 616... ...
Infants 7–12 mo 1.0 Children 1–3 y 100 0.87 210 13 5 0.4 0.4 5 0.4 4–8 y 100 0.76 275 22 6 0.5 0.5 6 0.5 Males 9–13 y 100 0.76 445 39 9 0.7 0.8 9 0.8 14–18 y 100 0.73 630 63 12 1.0 1.1 12 1.1 19–30 y 100 0.66 625 75 12 1.0 1.1 12 1.1 31–50 y 100 0.66 625 75 12 1.0 1.1 12 1.1 51–70 y 100 0.66 625 75 12 1.0 1.1 12 1.4 > 70 y 100 0.66 625 75 12 1.0 1.1 12 1.4 Females 9–13 y 100 0.76 420 39 9 0.7 0.8 9 0.8 14–18 y 100 0.71 485 56 12 0.9 0.9 11 1.0 19–30 y 100 0.66 500 60 12 0.9 0.9 11 1.1 31–50 y 100 0.66 500 60 12 0.9 0.9 11 1.1 51–70 y 100 0.66 500 60 12 0.9 0.9 11 1.3 > 70 y 100 0.66 500 60 12 0.9 0.9 11 1.3 Pregnancy 14–18 y 135 0.88 530 66 12 1.2 1.2 14 1.6 19–30 y 135 0.88 550 70 12 1.2 1.2 14 1.6 31–50 y 135 0.88 550 70 12 1.2 1.2 14 1.6 Lactation 14–18 y 160 1.05 885 96 16 1.2 1.3 13 1.7 19–30 y 160 1.05 900 100 16 1.2 1.3 13 1.7 31–50 y 160 1.05 900 100 16 1.2 1.3 13 1.7 NOTE: This table presents Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) , which serve two purposes: for assessing adequacy of population intakes and as the basis for calculating Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs)
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From page 617... ...
, and Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2005)
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Key Terms
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