Frontiers in Chemical Engineering Research Needs and Opportunities (1988) / Chapter Skim
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3 Biotechnology and Biomedicine
3 Biotechnology and Biomedicine
Pages 17-36
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From page 18... ...
Biomedical engineers will apply the tools of chemical engineering modeling and analysis to study the function and response of organs and body systems; to elucidate the transport of substances in the body; and to design artificial organs, artificial tissues, and prostheses. These exciting opportunities for chemical engineers are described in more detail below, first in terms of the potential impact on TABLE 3.1 Estimated World Markets for the Products of Biotechnology (millions of dollars Year Market198519902000 Medical products Pharmaceuticals 3,50020,000-30,000 Diagnostics1001,5005,000 Veterinary products1001,5005,000 Other (materials, sensors, etc.)
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From page 19... ...
Chemical engineers applied the fundamental concepts of fluid mechanics, membrane transport theory, mass transfer, and interracial physical chemistry to systems design. They developed predictive correlations relating the blood-clearance performance of a dialyzer to operating parameters such as membrane area, channel dimensions, blood and dialysate flow rates, pressure drop in the system, and temperature.
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Chemical engineering research leading to the design of devices and systems that are fast and "accurate" includes the following: artificial or semiartificial organs, particularly if they are grounded in whole-organ physiology and biochemistry and capable of communicating fluently with endocrinologists and physiologists. A chemical engineer working alone might conceive of an implantable power-driven insulin - pump, for instance, controlled by feedback from an electronic glucose sensor.
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Chemical engineers, long involved in the manufacture of antibiotics, peptides, and simple proteins, have significant experience to apply to these problems. Providing new modes of delivering drugs presents almost as important an opportunity as providing new ways of making them.
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Agriculture Major opportunities exist for chemical engineers to help develop agricultural biochemicals.
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The prospects for improvement of these compounds parallel the bright prospects for human ~3 pharmaceuticals and vaccines, and the requirements for chemical engineering expertise are .
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In general, their potency is so high that only small quantities will be needed. Accordingly, the challenge to chemical engineers in producing these products is not so much in process scale-up but rather in obtaining high process yield and minimal process losses.
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, or from the sea. To make such recovery concepts practical, chemical engineering will be needed to design systems that allow these microorganisms to function optimally and to efficiently contact large volumes of dilute solutions, or, in the case of in-situ metals extraction, to operate efficiently when the earth itself is the bioreactor.
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continuous fermenters was developed and is being practiced in the United Kingdom. This development pushes biochemical engineering to limits not yet explored in the United States.
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The result can be a gathering of platelets at the site, leading to a blood clot or to the formation of a fibrous capsule, or scar, around the implant (Figure 3.31. A number of fundamental questions about biological changes at the tissue-implant interface challenge chemical engineers in the design of medical implants and devices.
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A similar problem exists in the design of FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ,,, ,,,.,,, ,, -~ .
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From page 29... ...
spectrometry, and ~ combinations of some of the above-mentioned methods with chromatography. These methods will be applied by chemical engineers to monitor and control reaction and recovery systems.
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This is an area where early involvement of chemical engineers in designing genetically engineered organisms would be valuable. With their insights into the requirements of downstream processing of biologically synthesized substances, chemical engineers could be valuable members of an interdisciplinary team of molecular biologists and biochemists seeking to tailor the genetic code of cells.
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Chemical engineers can help elucidate the data obtained by such techniques by developing quantitative models that incorporate thermodynamics, transport phenomena, fluid mechanics, and principles of chemical reaction engineering. These advances will lead to improved therapeutic procedures.
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Institutions that do not have strong research activities in the life sciences should probably hot be encouraged to develop programs in biochemical or biomedical engineering. · Curricula at the undergraduate and graduate levels need to be modified so that students will gain sufficient knowledge of the biological sciences to apply engineering methods of analysis and design to solve problems that originate in the biological sciences.
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· A faculty expert in both the engineering and the biological aspects of the research frontiers described in this chapter is needed to mount a significant educational program in biochemical and biomedical engineering. The hiring of faculty into chemical engineering departments whose 3: training is initially in the medical and life sciences is one step that might be encouraged.
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Effective links between universities and industry are essential to successful research and education in biochemical and biomedical engineering. In this rapidly growing technological area, a particular need is effective contact and interchange between chemical engineering departments and smaller venture-capital firms specializing in biotechnology or biomedical products.
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From page 35... ...
Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1987. National Research Council, National Materials Ad 35 visory Board.
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