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8 Prevention and Public Education
Pages 201-268

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From page 201... ... For example, removing the availability of pills from the environment of a young toddler through appropriate storage is an example of a preexposure environmental intervention. Alternatively, immediate action to contact a poison control center and administer the recommended treatment for ingestion is an "exposure"-level intervention strategy based on human host action. Read the entire page →
From page 202... ... -- children: explore Availability of agent -- teens: experiment Unanticipated exposure -- elderly: mistakes; drug interactions Eliminate production -- addicts: overdose Eliminate chemicals as -- workers: job related weapons Unnecessary use of hazardous agents Exposure Knowledge of what to do Dose of exposure Knowledge of poison control center Route of exposure toll-free number Body's reaction to agent Emergency actions: Immediate use of antidote/ -- antidotes treatment -- emetics -- correct treatment Access to expert advice Postexposure Rehabilitation: Track exposure to agents -- lungs Modify hazardous agents -- esophagus based on information -- neurological Repackaging agents Educate public based on cases, experience Postexposure follow-up and monitoring of victims Knowledge about correct care of poisoned host NOTE: Two principles of the Haddon matrix: (1) It is not when you do something, such as eliminating production, but when the action is relevant to the time frame of the injury occurrence or mitigation. Read the entire page →
From page 203... ... PREVENTION AND PUBLIC EDUCATION 203 Physical Environment Social-Economic Environment Agents available: Poor storage practices -- pills Poor supervision of young -- consumer products and old -- illegal substances Drug-taking society -- terrorism Substance abuse Product labeling Poor children at greater Poor storage risk Too many pills Substitute safer products Safety packaging; blister packaging Design homes with Protective gear for workers childproof storage areas Workplace safety equipment Antidote information available Availability of telephone Availability of emergency medical and transport services and emergency departments Availability of poison Health system functioning control center information Available antidotes Regulate products Political and public Invent new products that are less toxic support to regulate to replace those more toxic chemicals and change Repackage agents manufacturing Protect workers Replace hazards Workers actually use protective gear Public knowledge and perception of poison control system Read the entire page →
From page 204... ... Integral components of effective programs incorporate the following elements, known as the "E's" of injury prevention and control: � Education � Environmental/Engineering modifications � Enactment/Enforcement � Economic incentives � Empowerment � Evaluation Education includes any efforts to reach children, parents, caregivers, the public, practitioners, the media, policy makers, and other target groups to change knowledge, attitudes, and behavior (e.g., National Poison Prevention Week, Spike's Poison Prevention Adventure) Read the entire page →
From page 205... ... Yuk campaign material, which contains warning labels for poisonous substances and stickers with the poison control center telephone number for rapid access to advice and needed treatment. Although the size, content, and reach of the public education programs vary among the poison control centers, implementation generally includes a variety of cooperative arrangements involving health departments, health care facilities, pediatricians and family care practitioners, pharmacies, local retail outlets, and various private and public organizations (e.g., National SAFE KIDS Campaign, Red Cross, National Fire Prevention Association's Risk Watch Program) Read the entire page →
From page 206... ... contact a poison control center should a poisoning occur. There is evidence from surveys and focus groups suggesting that, although a large percentage of people say they are knowledgeable about poisons, most do not take appropriate actions. Read the entire page →
From page 207... ... . Another model used in health education-related program development and evaluation is the Program Evaluation Logic Model. Read the entire page →
From page 208... ... Penetrance data available from the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) show different levels of poison control center use in ethnically diverse and low-income communities (American Association of Poison Control Centers, 2003b) Read the entire page →
From page 209... ... The following sections briefly discuss the education activities of AAPCC; describe the education staff at the poison control centers; provide examples of model-based educational programs developed by centers; and describe collaborative efforts, including activities involved in National Poison Prevention Week. Read the entire page →
From page 210... ... , teenagers, and preteens. These groups discussed attitudes and behaviors in poison situations, perceptions of poison control centers, messages regarding poison prevention and the use of poison control centers, various logos, and the desirability of a national toll-free number (KRC Research and Consulting, 2001) Read the entire page →
From page 211... ... During the same time period, data from TESS show a fairly constant level of exposure plus information calls to poison control centers (250,000 to 300,000 per month) Read the entire page →
From page 212... ... The public education function is represented at AAPCC by the Public Education Committee. The mission of this committee is to "assist poison control centers and poison center educators in their efforts to provide the population of the United States and Canada with poison prevention awareness programs, in an effort to reduce morbidity and mortality due to poisoning" (American Association of Poison Control Centers, 2003b, p. Read the entire page →
From page 213... ... An important and useful product is the Poison Prevention Education Materials Resource Guide (American Association of Poison Control Centers, 2003c) , which describes resources and provides contact information. Read the entire page →
From page 214... ... . Other goals were to increase the use of the national tollfree number; the number of pediatricians providing poison prevention anticipatory guidance; the use of the Internet; and knowledge of partners and community collaborators regarding poison control centers' services. Read the entire page →
From page 215... ... The three poison control centers -- Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati -- formed the Ohio Poison Control Collaborative. The program involved network partnerships with private and public agencies. Read the entire page →
From page 216... ... Websites also provide materials for use by parents and classroom teachers to educate children, as well as contact information to arrange for health presentations and other community events. News and important updates about legislation, national and community events (including the annual National Poison Prevention Week) Read the entire page →
From page 217... ... In another study, researchers examined the effects of poison prevention education on kindergarten and third-grade students and their parents (Liller et al., 1998) Read the entire page →
From page 218... ... Perhaps the most complete evaluation of poison prevention education was conducted between 1975 and 1979 in Monroe County, New York (Fisher et al., 1981) Read the entire page →
From page 219... ... use the toll-free number for poison control centers when needed. Video clips in both English and Spanish about poison prevention and poison control centers are linked to the CPSC website (http://www. Read the entire page →
From page 220... ... Pharmacists provide poison prevention and control information and other activities throughout the Read the entire page →
From page 221... ... TIPP is an Internet documents educational program for parents and publications and of children newborn through 12 kits that can be years of age to help prevent purchased common injuries from a number of incidents, including poisoning; TIPP materials are available for purchase � TIPP fact sheets � News releases/surveys about common injuries American College of Emergency � Tips on how to protect your Emergency physicians/ child from poison Physicians parents � Pediatric Emergency Guide: Medium: Downloadable tips on what do when your child Internet documents has an emergency and publications that � Poison information and can be purchased treatment systems policy statement � News releases American Medical Physicians � Technical articles about Association poisonings Medium: Downloadable � Policy statements related to Internet documents various poisonings, and the responsibility of physicians and public health departments in preventing them � Council on Scientific Affairs reports, including reports on medical preparedness for terrorism and other disasters American Nurses Nurses � Technical articles about Association poisonings (Children's Health Medium: Downloadable and the Environment articles) - Internet documents including news and updated information � Articles related to poisonings from the American Journal of Nursing Continued Read the entire page →
From page 222... ... Internet documents � Abstracts/research work (e.g., boating injuries/carbon monoxide poisoning) � Subjects index from Journal of Emergency Nursing � Weapons of mass destruction preparedness resources listing � Nursing news updates Read the entire page →
From page 223... ... � Risks to children (higher risk, Medium: Downloadable disparities among ethnic and Internet documents socioeconomic groups, safety and injury prevention, community-based solutions) � Impacts on communities � Health hazards and methods of prevention Action agendas: � Lessons learned about lead poisoning prevention � Policy documents Web resources and publications: � Holistic/Multi-Topic Web Resources � Listservs � List of Publications (Adobe Acrobat) Read the entire page →
From page 224... ... Internet documents � Updates on legislation (e.g., providing regional grants to poison control centers and to educate the public about poisoning prevention) Emergency Medical Health care and � Health Resources and Services Services for injury Administration of the Maternal Children/National professionals/ and Child Health Bureau EMSC Resource general awarded the new contract for Center audience the EMSC National Resource Medium: Downloadable Center to Children's Hospital of Internet documents/ Washington, DC (September 25, links to publications 2003) Read the entire page →
From page 225... ... following pertains to poisonings: Medium: Downloadable � Surveys of Americans' Internet documents attitudes, practice, and knowledge of home safety practices � Newsletters about home safety � Informative press releases, particularly about safety during holidays � Salute to Home Safety Excellence award presented annually to a home industry supplier who displays leadership in home safety by conducting an educational program targeted to either employees or consumers National Lead General audience/ � Contact information in both Information Center health care English and Spanish professionals/ � General information packet other that can be ordered professionals � Basic information/fact sheet with links to additional resources � Current news and related links � Rules and regulations and related links Continued Read the entire page →
From page 226... ... that can Poison Control Centers and the be purchased by National Poison Prevention sections Week websites Read the entire page →
From page 227... ... Agency's National Lead Information Center Parents Anonymous Parents/ � Information in both English Medium: Downloadable professionals and Spanish Internet documents � Not specifically relevant to and order forms for poisonings; rather, aimed at publications helping parents with their children's health and well-being Poison Prevention General audience/ � Information about the annual Week Council professionals National Poison Prevention Medium: Downloadable Week Internet information � U.S. Consumer Product Safety and links Commission link (see below for extensive information the commission provides) Read the entire page →
From page 228... ... ; policy statement link to the Journal of the American Medical Association � Lead poisoning: Information about CDC's Childhood Lead Poisoning Program, general information and publications, news links to Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports, policy statement from the American Academy of Pediatrics � Children's health information and links to other organizations with similar concerns about the built environment (Designing and Building Healthy Places website) Read the entire page →
From page 229... ... Consumer Internet documents Product Safety Commission regarding poison prevention packaging and the Poison Prevention Packaging Act � Press releases about National Poison Prevention Week � Poison Prevention Packaging: A Text for Pharmacists and Physicians � Material related to child resistant packaging � Documentation of deaths associated with the use of consumer products, including non-fire carbon monoxide � Fact sheets with tips on childproofing homes, locking up poisons from children, checklists for poisons in the home � Safety alerts for grandparents to prevent grandchildren from being poisoned � Safety alerts about possible poisonings from medications, carbon monoxide, inhalants, etc. Read the entire page →
From page 230... ... and citizen participation and consultation U.S. Environmental General audience/ � Information in both English Protection Agency parents/ and Spanish Medium: Downloadable health care � Tips to protect children from Internet documents; professionals/ pesticide and lead poisonings HTML format pages industry � Advertisement of national toll professionals free poison emergency hotline � Recognition of Management of Pesticide Poisonings report and updates, corrections, and ordering information for the report � Worker safety and training information � Pertinent government memoranda about poisoning incidents and poisoning incident data (pirimphos methyl, oxamyl, oxydemeton mehyl, terbufos, phorate, dimethoate, propetamphos, parathion) Read the entire page →
From page 231... ... . The National SAFE KIDS Campaign, another nonprofit organization, provides one of the more active websites in poison prevention for children. Read the entire page →
From page 232... ... Most existing materials mix these messages. If education is effective for primary prevention, one would expect fewer poisonings and thus fewer calls to poison control centers. Read the entire page →
From page 233... ... PREVENTION AND PUBLIC EDUCATION 233 Appendix 8-A Education Materials from AAPCC and Poison Control Center Websites Read the entire page →
From page 234... ... 234 's which of at of address center a each with and website Association page center center the for American Organizations control standardized the of Other to poison applicable Centers short a if information www.alapoisoncenter.org each website Websites Links to link, with to Control contact Link Website: Link Center Website � http://www.aapcc.org/director2.htm, begins and website � � Poison the to Safe Control by Children; Poisons Expert Snakes (geared Color Belong Food Corner; virus, information) Poison 's developed Which That Poison Many a Nile Providers; as Poisons; Poisons; Safely) Read the entire page →
From page 235... ... � Poison Center Regional Control (Birmingham, AL) Read the entire page →
From page 236... ... 236 of Pharmacy Center of Association Poison College 's American Oregon Organizations the the Arizona of of of Other Centers to http://www.chems.alaska.gov/ website website Links http://www.pharmacy.arizona.edu/ to Control to University Website: Link Link The Website � � Poison � � website: centers/apdic/apdic.shtml does giving brown most and and food snakes) (brochure) Read the entire page →
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From page 239... ... 239 of Continued California of Association University American and Pharmacy the of of Centers School http://www.calpoison.org websites http://www.carolinas.org/services/ to Control Francisco Website: Links Website: � � Poison San � poison/ to How Tigrinya, Control Research, Bilingual Breathing Guide National each Professional Poisoning of 's stickers, on from Vietnamese, Pad, Poisoning, Poison Hmong, Health for Off Overview Babysitter Newsletter, Yourself pamphlets, information Chinese, Korean, Tear An Understanding " Action California Professionals: Care Protect Orders: Awareness Spanish, Russian, We edition) Program: poisoning Consumers Care Educators: Grandparents, poster Emergency Online with Prevention (3rd For Implementation, Inhalant Home? Read the entire page →
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From page 241... ... Poison Resources: Make � � � and � � � � Pesticides, Carbon Safety � � � � Babysitters Home, Virtual Nuclear Fact � � � Plant Holiday � Bioterrorism, plants, � Texas 's of Poison Center Center Central Poison Children Hospital Michigan Regional Control (Detroit) Read the entire page →
From page 242... ... � � � � � � � � � � � � links Guide Poisonings 8-A-1 Drug 's of Center Regional Poison TABLE Name Children Hospital Wisconsin Poison (Milwaukee) Cincinnati and Information Center Read the entire page →
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From page 244... ... 244 and of Miami, Jacksonville, Rochester Hospital, Memorial of Information Shands University General Jackson Jacksonville, University Florida Reports System, Organizations the Partners: the of the Tampa Data of Florida, of of Other Health to Miami, South http://www.stronghealth.com/ http://www.fpicn.org website websites website websites of of Links Center Statewide to to centers to to Jackson Website: Link Website: Links Link Links Website � � Medical � � Tampa � Network � University University Hospital Florida and with Canada Tampa HIPAA serviced and Health is Statutes, updates Miami, Brothers Recycling States Checklist counties news available) Cross/Poison Centers advertisement Older and as (numerous) Read the entire page →
From page 245... ... 245 of of Sites: Diego of Drug Internet -- Continued The San Marine Center, Florida California/ Center, UC Poison Florida Resource National Center/ Association Center of of Pharmacy Poison Association Services/State Poison Texas Center, Toxicology Sciences, Center, Toxicology, Jacksonville, Science Florida American Information Toxicology Clinical Handbook, Sciences University Medical University Central Poison Direct, Health the American Poison Shands Health 's Health the Maryland the of of of Drug Center/Jacksonville of MedWeb: Texas Meta Services, Centers, Centers, and Center, Poisoning Biomedical Florida Network, Children Center, Regional Miami Service, http://fpicjax.org/ websites Medicine, of http://www.miami.edu/poison-center/ websites websites Hardin Environment of Poison to Control of of Department to Poison Control to Research Poison Lakes Southeast Information Pesticide Freshwater Website: Links Website: Links Links � � Information Poison College University Jacksonville, Florida � � Poison Davis Arizona Finger Regional Center, Poison � Summit Monograph HyperTox, URLs, Institute and University 's jingle Plants, ipecac, bees, Your Search! Read the entire page →
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From page 250... ... 250 of of Natural Agency Medical Food of Inspection of Clinics, Control Herbal Control and Association and Library Abuse Regional Department Poison 's Prevention, Poison Safety Enforcement Services, Department things) Luke Iowa American Hospitals and National Substance Food Drug Animal Organizations the Iowa St. Read the entire page →
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From page 201...

... For example, removing the availability of pills from the environment of a young toddler through appropriate storage is an example of a preexposure environmental intervention. Alternatively, immediate action to contact a poison control center and administer the recommended treatment for ingestion is an "exposure"-level intervention strategy based on human host action.

8 Prevention and Public Education Pages 201-268

8 Prevention and Public Education
Pages 201-268