Review of the Army's Technical Guides on Assessing and Managing Chemical Hazards to Deployed Personnel (2004) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Appendix C: Example Use of Probits for Developing Chemical Casualty Estimating Guidelines
Appendix C: Example Use of Probits for Developing Chemical Casualty Estimating Guidelines
Pages 145-174
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 145... ...
fordefinedconcentrations of chemicals in the breathing zone of military personnel. Thehealthimpactsofchemicalagentsgenerallyformacontinuumfrom mildphysicalorsensoryalterations -- suchasmildskinirritation -- thatpose distractions but are easily accommodated, to impairment of vision and balance that might limit effective use of battlefield equipment, to central nervous system (CNS)
|
From page 146... ...
Notethat the approach described herein isintendedtoproduceinformation about potential health impacts in a form that would allow field commanders to compare the impacts on the achievability of mission objectives from an assortment of chemical and nonchemical hazards that could degrade mission effectiveness. That is accomplished by using an approach that estimates the percentage of troops likely to be incapacitated (and the nature and duration of that incapacitation)
|
From page 147... ...
Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine's Technical Guide 230 (TG-230) , but not included among the AEGLs, that would likely have some applicable incidence data.
|
From page 148... ...
In either case, the plots can be computerized to facilitate field comparisons of medical consequences from exposures to toxic agents. Doses were obtained from data derived from observations of either humans or laboratory animals.
|
From page 149... ...
The results of this process were estimated doses for humans that were considered equipotent in their toxic severity. FINDINGS The compounds evaluated in detail are aniline, 1,1- and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, hydrogen cyanide, propylene glycol dinitrate, acrolein, the chemical warfare agent sarin, and hydrogen sulfide.
|
From page 150... ...
However, this is merely a small sample that was useful for an initial feasibility study; the exercise would need to be expanded to draw any firm, generalized conclusions about the validity of this means of data analysis and visualization. With the exception of acrolein, the interpretations of the raw toxicity data on which the chemical plots were based were adopted directly from the AEGL documents (NRC 2000, 2002, 2003; EPA 2002)
|
From page 151... ...
CONCLUSIONS Military field commanders need reliable estimates of the nature and magnitude of health impairment resulting from toxic exposures to agents that could be encountered during missions that have military objectives. This process seems comparable to the estimation of battle casualties when planning missions with combat roles.
|
From page 152... ...
15% 30% 40% 50% Unit troop strengtha 85% 70% 60% 50% ORM risk levela Low Moderate High Extremely High Unit statusa Green Amber Red Black aAssumes 100% of the unit is exposed. Abbreviations: C15, concentration estimated to effect 15% of the unit; C30, concentration estimated to effect 30% of the unit; C40, concentration estimated to effect 40% of the unit; C50, concentration estimated to effect 50% of the unit.
|
From page 153... ...
8 ppm-10 min 75% response Mode of toxic action: local tissue damage on immediate contact, with increasing time of contact Allometric scaling: not applicable Uncertainty factors: none Data plotted for humans: 6.0 ppm-min 25% response 3.8 ppm-min 50% response ? ppm-min 75% response Severe Effects -- respiratory failure to mortality Data (rat)
|
From page 154... ...
154 APPENDIX C Acrolein (continued) Mode of toxic action: local tissue damage on immediate contact, with increasing time of contact Allometric scaling: 1:1 for rat:human Uncertainty factors: none Data plotted for humans: 32 ppm-hour 8% response 40 ppm-hour 25% response 48 ppm-hour 50% response 56 ppm-hour 75% response Mode of Action: tissue damage on immediate contact, cumulative with time of contact Dose-duration relationship: linear, C1 × t = k (?
|
From page 155... ...
155 Response le i t n e c r e P 9898 95 95 9090 8585 8080 7575 7070 6060 50 50 4040 30 30 2525 2020 1515 10 10 55 2 2 9 9 8 8 7 7 6 6 r)
|
From page 156... ...
1,320 ppm-hour 75% response (estimated) Mode of toxic action: stable metabolite causing MetHb formation Allometric scaling: 1:1 for rat:human Uncertainty factors: none Data plotted for humans: 1,080 ppm-hour 25% response 1,200 ppm-hour 50% response 1,320 ppm-hour 75% response Source: NRC 2000 Severe Effects -- severe hypoxia to asphyxiation to death Data (rat)
|
From page 157... ...
APPENDIX C 157 Aniline (continued) Data plotted for humans: 1,436 ppm-hour 10% response 1,600 ppm-hour 20% response 1,812 ppm-hour 40% response 2,120 ppm-hour 70% response Source: NRC 2000 Mode of Action: MetHb formation at all levels Dose-duration relationship: linear, C1 × t = k Delayed sequellae: possible human carcinogen For comparison: AEGL-1 = 8 ppm-hour; 1 ppm-8 hour (includes UF of 10 for children)
|
From page 158... ...
158 e s n o sp Re e til n rce e P 98 95 90 85 80 75 70 60 50 40 30 25 20 15 10 5 2 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 000,01 9 8 7 6 5 ) ruo 4 E IN (ppm-h 3 ILNA 2 Dose g Lo 00 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 e 3 pons seno ponse Res sp e Re 2 Res e dli oderat M M vereS 001 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 7.
|
From page 159... ...
Mode of toxic action: reactive metabolite causing uncharacterized central nervous system effects Allometric scaling: (body weight) -0.75 Uncertainty factors: none Slope (rat)
|
From page 160... ...
160 APPENDIX C 1,1- and 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine (continued) Mode of Action: Uncharacterized central nervous system effects Dose-duration relationship: linear, C1 × t = k Delayed sequellae: possible human carcinogen For comparison: AEGL-1 = none AEGL-2 = 3 ppm-hour AEGL-3 = 11 ppm-hour
|
From page 161... ...
161 Response le i t rcen e P 98 95 90 85 80 75 70 60 50 40 30 25 20 15 10 5 2 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 0001 9 8 7 our) 6 5 ZINEAR 4 (ppm-h 3 Dose g YLHYD 2 Lo TH DIME 001 9 8 7 6 5 4 se 3 esno Respon speR er 2 oderate M veeS 01 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 7.
|
From page 162... ...
Mode of toxic action: stable metabolite produces inhibition of cellular respiration Allometric scaling: not applicable Uncertainty factors: none Dose-duration relationship: log, C3 × t = l Data plotted for humans: 8 ppm-hour 25% response 10 ppm-hour 50% response 12 ppm-hour 75% response Source: NRC 2002 Moderate Effects -- central nervous system depression Data (monkey) from Purser 1984 30 ppm-hour 25% response (estimated)
|
From page 163... ...
139 ppm- hour 50% response 180 ppm-hour 75% response (estimated) Mode of toxic action: stable metabolite produces inhibition of cellular respiration Allometric scaling: 1:1 for rat:human Uncertainty factors: none Dose-duration relationship: log, C2.6 × t = k (rat)
|
From page 164... ...
164 se n o Resp e Percentil 9 8 9898 9595 9090 85 85 8080 7575 7070 6060 50 50 4040 3030 25 25 20 20 1515 1010 55 2 2 7 9 8 6 7 5 6 4 5 4 3 3 2 2 0 001 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 6 46 5 5 in) 4 3 m CYANIDE 3 mp (p 2 se OGENR 2 Do HYD Log 10 10 9 96 8 8 7 57 6 5 4 4 3 e 3 ons se se speR pon e sponeR 2 Res dli ratedo ere 2 M M Sev 1 1 0 7.07.
|
From page 165... ...
ppm-hour 75% response Mode of toxic action: direct effect on contact; edema systemically Allometric scaling: not applicable Uncertainty factors: none Dose-duration relationship: log, C4.4 × t = k (Note - may not apply to all asthmatic individuals) Data plotted for humans: 6 ppm-hour 0% response Source: EPA 2002 Moderate Effects: lacrymation, photophobia, corneal opacity, tracheobronchitis, central nervous system depression, nasal passage necrosis Data: insufficient Dose-duration relationship: Cn × t = k (Note might not apply to all asthmatic indi viduals)
|
From page 166... ...
166 onse Resp e rcentil Pe 98 95 90 85 80 75 70 60 50 40 30 25 20 15 10 5 2 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 00 10 9 8 7 IDE 6 5 SULF 4 (ppm-hour) 3 Dose OGENR 2 HYD 001 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 onse esn speR esnopseR 2 Respo rate re dli ode M M veeS 01 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 Probits
|
From page 167... ...
from Stewart et al. 1974: 0.1 ppm-hour 25% response 0.2 ppm-hour 50% response 0.4 ppm-hour 75% response Mode of toxic action: reactive metabolite produces vasodilation of cerebral vessels; decreased blood pressure Allometric scaling: not applicable Uncertainty factors: none Data plotted for humans: 0.1 ppm-hour 25% response 0.2 ppm-hour 50% response 0.4 ppm-hour 75% response Source: NRC 2002 Moderate Effects -- severe headache, slight loss of equilibrium Data (human)
|
From page 168... ...
-0.75 Uncertainty factors: none Data plotted for humans: 60 ppm-hour 25% response 119 ppm-hour 50% response 238 ppm-hour 75% response Source: NRC 2002 Mode of Action: cardiovascular toxicity and central nervous system depression Dose-duration relationship: linear, C1 × t = k; for severe, long-duration extrapola tion C3 × t = k Delayed sequellae: none identified For comparison: AEGL-1 = 0.17 ppm-hour; 0.03 ppm-8 hour AEGL-2 = 1.0 ppm-hour; 0.13 ppm-8 hour AEGL-3 = 13 ppm-hour; 5.3 ppm-8 hour
|
From page 169... ...
169 se on p s e R ile ent c r Pe 98 95 90 85 80 75 70 60 50 40 30 25 20 15 10 5 2 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 0 1.
|
From page 170... ...
170 se n spo e R entile c Per 98 95 90 85 80 75 70 60 50 40 30 25 20 15 10 5 2 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 00 E 10 9 )
|
From page 171... ...
? mg-min/m3 75% response Mode of toxic action: local Allometric scaling: not applicable Uncertainty factors: none Data plotted for humans: 0.32 mg-min/m3 0% response 4 mg-min/m3 50% response Moderate Effects -- insufficient data Severe Effects -- acetylcholinesterase inhibition to convulsions to mortality Data (monkey)
|
From page 172... ...
172 se n Respo e Percentil 98 95 90 85 80 75 70 60 50 40 30 25 20 15 10 5 2 9 8 7 6 5 r) uoh 4 ppm-( 3 sponseeR sponseeR Dose 2 dli ere goL M Sev 10 9 8 7 6 5 )
|
From page 173... ...
2001. Standard Operating Procedures for Developing Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Chemicals.
|
From page 174... ...
1995. Epidemiological study of eye irritation by hydrogen sulfide and/or carbon disulphide exposure in viscose rayon workers.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.