Need for a Multipurpose Cadastre (1980) / Chapter Skim
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2 Current Status of Cadastral Efforts
2 Current Status of Cadastral Efforts
Pages 16-43
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From page 16... ...
Current Status of Cadastral Efforts While the need for an integrated land-information system, or multipurpose cadastre, has been set forth, implementation of improvement activity has been largely characterized by single-purpose approaches to only selected segments of the total system. In other words, these efforts proceed without a concept of a land-information system as the foundation.
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From page 17... ...
2.1. l Land Transfer The land-ownership system that has developed in the United States depends almost entirely on the recording of documents as evidence of land ownership and land-ownership transfer.
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From page 18... ...
Not only have most recording offices failed to modernize the procedures associated with conveyancing, but practically all of them also have failed to combine their functions with those of other local government offices (Ayers and Wunderlich, 1973~.
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From page 19... ...
To perform these functions, assessors collect, store, retrieve, and analyze information that is related to the ownership and use of land parcels. Separate files, linked by parcel identifiers, are commonly maintained in the areas of legal descriptions, property characteristics, market data, and ownership data (Almy,1979~.
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From page 20... ...
While land ownership and valuation are important factors in land management, much of the data of concern, such as geology, soil and vegetation types, available natural resources, flood plain areas, wildlife habitats, and other environmental patterns, are not naturally attributed on a land-parcel basis. Therefore, these data are often organized using a grid cell structure, based, for example, on a selected cell size such as 2~ acres.
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From page 21... ...
Precise surveys in such cases are more difficult to achieve, but in all cases there is an urgent requirement for accurate property boundary referencing procedures. The Bureau of Land Management estimates that over 50 million acres in the western states are urgently in need of resurvey.
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From page 22... ...
Duplication problems occur when the same land information is collected and/or maintained by two or more governmental or private entities. One organization is not aware of what land data another may already have or is planning to collect in a mutually suitable time frame.
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From page 23... ...
These efforts have addressed specifically the problems in land transfer, property assessment, or land management. Only tangentially have the problems related to the reference frame, base maps~and cadastral overlay been considered.
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From page 24... ...
2.4 STATUS AT THE FEDERAL LEVEL The following paragraphs describe the complexity of the federal activities in the three basic components of the multipurpose cadastre—reference frame, base maps, and cadastral overlay. Primary responsibilities for geodetic control, base maps, and cadastral surveys of federal lands are clearly assigned to the National Geodetic Survey, the U.S.
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From page 25... ...
The Federal Geodetic Control Committee Coordinator is the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NoAA) Assistant Administrator for Oceanic and Atmospheric Services, and the Deputy Coordinator at present is the Director of the National Geodetic Survey in the National Ocean Survey of NOAA.
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From page 26... ...
The recommended spacing of primary and secondary control generally conforms to the value of the land. The minimum density for various orders of control as specified by the Federal Geodetic Control Committee (1974)
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From page 27... ...
In addition to the topographic mapping responsibility of the USGS, their Resource and Land Investigations (RALI) program has been concerned about the availability of adequate land-use data and land information within govemment for land and resource planning and management.
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From page 28... ...
, the Forest Service, National Park Service, the Federal Highway Administration, and the Bureau of the Census. The excellence of the technical capabilities for producing large-scale maps and charts has been demonstrated.
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From page 29... ...
BRIM S uses cadastral overlays based on coordinates. In May 1979, this Bureau instructed its 12 field offices to make direct geodetic ties from all new rectangular surveys to the 1927 North American geodetic horizontal control datum, and this policy is now being implemented.
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From page 30... ...
Type 3. A national multipurpose land-data system, including data on foreign direct investment, oriented to local government records, principally tax assessment but including title records, land-use records, and county offices of federal agencies.
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From page 31... ...
Code, the Bureau of the Census has sampled two listings of real property parcels contained in local public records, as the basis for publishing statistics on property values, assessment levels, and property taxation. Bureau enumerators actually visit local recording and assessing offices in approximately 2000 primary assessing jurisdictions (usually counties)
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From page 32... ...
2.5 STATUS AT THE STATE LEVEL 2.5. ~ Geodetic Reference Network Responsibility for the coordination of geodetic control activity at the state level varies from effectively no organization or coordination in some states to the existence in other states of strong state geodetic survey agencies.
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From page 33... ...
Several other states have agreements for reimbursable advisory services on an as-needed basis. 2.5.2 Base Maps There are at least 12 states that are actively involved in establishing statewide property maps: Alabama, Florida, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, and Vermont.
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From page 34... ...
Few states are combining or coordinating the activities of land-transfer and property-assessment improvement programs. No state has attempted to coordinate all three of the major components (reference frame, base maps, and cadastral overlays)
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From page 35... ...
An early area of interest for the new Council was the matter of land use and land ownership. In 1973, the staff previously employed in survey programs by the provinces formed the nucleus of a new regional organization, the Land Registration and Information Service.
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From page 36... ...
This legislation provided for the implementation of a system of land-parcel identifier numbers and established a program to provide financial assistance to counties for the modernization of their land-records system and for the preparation of new base maps and property maps. The three bills passed by the General Assembly were the culmination of effort at the state level that began in 1974 when the North Carolina Bar Association created a special committee to study land records.
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From page 37... ...
Property maps are being prepared on orthophoto base maps using photography flown in 1974 and referenced to geodetic control of the National Geodetic Survey and the North Carolina Geodetic Survey. The property maps have been digitized, and an interactive graphics system has been purchased to support the need for updated graphic products (Ayers, 1978; Jones, 1978; Forsyth County Land Records, 1975-1976~.
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From page 38... ...
The 14-digit land-parcel identifier specified for use is based on the North Carolina State Plane Coordinate System. The State General Assembly has appropriated $75,000 each of the last three years for distribution as grants to counties for the improvement of their land records.
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From page 39... ...
As at the state level, technical support and cooperation from the National Geodetic Survey is available to support regional and local control densification. Recent cooperative agreements have been designed for Jefferson County, Colorado; Portage County, Ohio; King County, Washington; Ada County, Idaho; Ingham County, Michigan; three counties in both Florida and New York; and the Chicago, Illinois, and Washington, D.C., metropolitan areas.
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From page 40... ...
Cadastral overlays prepared in local offices range from being complete and up to date to being barely usable. One of the major functions of each of the Offices of Land Information Systems, proposed for local and state governments elsewhere in this report, will be to examine the status of base maps and cadastral overlays within its jurisdiction, determining items of commonality and building on these a compatible network of multipurpose cadastres.
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From page 41... ...
Geodetic control densification was carried out, in cooperation with the NGS, placing 50 new first-order stations. A private contractor was selected to perform the pilot project.
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From page 42... ...
The data-base development is being accomplished using local resources: a registered land surveyor for the ownership data base, a title company for boundary research and ownership verification, a mapping firm for tax map compilation, an appraisal firm for property improvements and revaluation, and a professional engineer for facility mapping. The geobase for METROCOM are the more than 5000 survey markers implanted at intervals of approximately 610 m, whose coordinates have been determined from second-order, class II horizontal and vertical control surveys (Federal Geodetic Control Committee, 1980~.
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From page 43... ...
The free flow of data and information among all users requires a compatible system of multipurpose cadastres that will make up a national network. To achieve the degree of comparability required for a workable network of multipurpose cadastres, improvements are needed in local, state, and federal organization; in surveying and recording practices; and in local, state, and federal legislation.
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