The National Academies Press

Currently Skimming:

Index
Pages 203-216

The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.

From page 203... ... Inclex A Advanced materials in automotive industry, 8, 81 carbon fibers, 10, 42, 179 ceramics, 44 in construction, 1, 71-72 discovery-application interval, 6, 41-43 instrumentation for studying, 42 lithium niobate, 52 market influences on discoveries, 6, 42 neodymium, 42-43 processing costs, 6-7, 43 shape-memory alloy, 179 See also Superconducting materials Agriculture ASEAN, 119-121 trade by Pacific Economic Community, 116 value added, global trends, 116 Alvey Directorate, 33 Artificial intelligence applications, 26, 50, 51, 73, 81 concepts, 50-51 influence on information technologies, 50-5 1 Asian newly industrializing countries growth rates, 110-112, 114 See also specific countries Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 203 agricultural growth, 119-121 GNP and growth rate, 110-114 manufacturing growth, 119-121 problems and challenges, 9, 120- 121 science and technology, 121 strengths and characteristics, 119-121 trade policy, 120-121 Australia added value in agriculture and manufacturing, 116 agricultural resources, 128 education, 126 GNP and growth rate, 111-114, 143 industrialization policies, 129- 131 intellectual property, 130 manufacturing industries, 128 mining industry, 127-128 problems and challenges, 9, 121, 132133 production sharing, 132 R&D, 129-131 resource development and technology transfer, 121, 127-129 science development and structure, 126, 129-131 trade policy, 132 wage levels, 128, 132 Automotive industry automation, 84 computer applications and production, 81, 83 Read the entire page →
From page 204... ... and manufacturing (CAM) in automotive industry, 81 in construction, 7, 69-71, 78 expert systems applications, 70-71, 78 initial graphics exchange specification, 70 in manufacturing, 8, 81, 82 robotics, 74-75 standardization, 70 three-dimensional, 70-71 in very-large-scale-~ntegration technology, 46-47 Computers and computer systems costs, 38, 59, 60 digitalization, 62, 63 employment and, 13, 24 expert systems, 4, 70-71, 73-75, 78 fifth-generation, 33 human interface, 37-38, 40, 49, 50 influences on information technologies, 48-49 integrated software-hardware, 24, 37, 49 manufacturing industry applications, 8, 82 memory and processing power, 37, 38, 48-51 parallel processing architectures, 49-51 personal computers, 37, 38, 59, 60 productivity and, 13 quality control applications, 76 reduced-instruction-set, 49, 51 security for, 66 standards, 20, 40 use by white-collar workers, 59, 60 VLSI applications in, 48, 49, 59 See also Artificial intelligence; Computer-aided design (CAD) Read the entire page →
From page 205... ... INDEX equipment and methods, 7, 71-73 fast-track, 70, 75 first-of-a-kind projects, 77 heavy, 68-70 industrial sector, 69 laser applications in, 71 management methods, 7, 75-77, 78-79 manufacturing contrasted with, 68 markets, impact of technology on, 77-78 offsite fabrication, assembly, and modularization, 7, 72-73 potential for change in, 69 productivity increases, 7 quality control, 76 research programs, 73, 78 residential and commercial sectors, 69, 70 robotics applications, 7, 72, 73, 78 slipforming practices, 71 technological advances in, 7, 68-79 welding automation, 73, 74-75 Cooperation, see International technological cooperation D Data bases for construction management, 75 software needs, 51, 67 Data processing and communications advances in, 7, 58-59 applications, 59, 71, 78 electronic equipment production globally, 46 fiber optics applications in, 52 needs, 34, 58 semiconductor component consumption, 46 use rates, 59 See also Computers and computer systems; Telecommunications Developed countries production sharing by, 101-103 technological innovations in manufacturing, 25 See also specific countries Developing countries economic growth strategies, 6, 9, 25, 30-31 effects of technological cooperation on, 6 205 gross domestic product, 144 indebtedness, 27, 102-103 natural resources development, 6, 31 population growth, 30 production sharing in, 64, 87-101 U.S. tariff policy 806/807, 89 wage rates, 87 See also specific countries E Economic growth/restructuring capital investment role, 161-162 in developing countries, strategies, 25, 30-31 GNP and rate of, 110-113 government role in, 4, 10, 168-169 industry role in, 4 in Japan, 9, 28-29, 137 key technologies for, 24 macroeconomic environment for, 169175 manufacturing role in, 4, 165-167 in Mexico, 92-93 obstacles to, 4, 28 in Pacific Rim countries, 9, 107-119 strategies, 4, 25, 30-31, 159- 175 technological advances and, 1, 3, 9-10, 23-31, 160-161, 167-168, 178-180 in U.S., 9-10, 28, 159-175 in Western Europe, 29 Education and training of automotive industry blue-collar workers, 84 engineering, 5 government role in providing, 168 international cooperation through, 34, 137 on policy matters, 5 for telecommunications jobs, 64 Electronic fund transfers, regulation of, 20 Electronics equipment production globally, 45, 46 military applications, 17 superconductor applications, 44 See also Microcircuits; Very-large-scaleintegration technology Employment advanced manufacturing technologies and, 1, 23-24 Read the entire page →
From page 206... ... tariff policy 806/807, 89 Fiber optics development, 47, 51, 52 electro-optical directional coupler, 52 influence on information technologies, 42, 51-53 market influences on development of, 42 technology transfer from semiconductor industry, 42 telecommunications applications, 27, 32, 51-54 Fiji, GNP and growth rate, 111, 144 Financial markets annual turnover, 27 volume of foreign currency transactions, 27 Finland, robotics technology, 75 France capital investment rate, 161 GNP, 143 gross domestic product, 164 military R&D, 146 productivity growth rate, 161 G General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) , 93, 100, 115 H Honeywell Inc., international laboratory, 34 Hong Kong added value in agriculture and manufacturing, 116 Read the entire page →
From page 207... ... , 154 International competitiveness/comparative advantage changing nature of, 1, 86 factors affecting, 149-150 indicators, 117-118 by industry group and country, 117-119 in information technologies, 25 Japanese, 80, 117-119, 135-137 macroeconomic environment for, 169 175 in manufacturing, 177 of mature industries, 24-25 in microelectronics, 25 research and development and, 146 strategies, 86, 149- 151 U.S., 10, 93-94, 117-119, 165, 169 175 Western European, 29 See also specific countries International Monetary Fund, 26 International Research for Development Center of Canada, 154 International technological cooperation in academia, 33, 34 by Australia, 132-133 on basic science research, 18 communication technologies contributing to, 32 Read the entire page →
From page 208... ... tariff policy 806/807, 89 L agriculture, 116 automotive industry, 83 basic research at universities, 35 capital investment rate, 161 cellular phone penetration, 58-59 commercialization of new technologies, 10, 11, 28, 29, 130, 178-180 competitiveness/comparative advantage, 80, 117-119, 135-137, 177-179 construction industry, 69, 78 contribution to world gross domestic product, 145 cultural barriers to cooperative efforts, 33 economic growth obstacles and strategies, 5, 9, 10, 28-29, 137, 142-143, 173 Labor markets construction, 7 skill mismatches, 7, 23-24 structural changes internationally, 103104 Third World, 102 worker displacement by production sharing, 101 Laser technology in construction industry, 71, 73 semiconductor, 42 Latin America competitiveness, 9, 147, 149-151 cooperative efforts, 150-151 domestic demand, production, and technology, 151-153 Read the entire page →
From page 209... ... 806/807 imports from, 89 Management construction, advances in, 7, 75 in manufacturing, importance, 7, 81, 84 Manufacturing industries apparel, 90, 98 ASEAN, 119-121 automation and robotization, 8, 24, 82 competitors, major companies, 177 computer applications, 8, 81, 82 construction industry contrasted with, 68 consumer demands, 8, 81 economic growth role of, 165-167 effects of advanced technologies on, 5, 8, 81-82 employee demands, 8, 81 employment, 116 in Europe, 85 flexible systems, 8, 82 209 high-tech, 87 importance, 5, 24 information flows across borders, 20-21 Japanese competitiveness in, 80, 178 180 management changes, 7, 81, 84 military technologies applied to, 18 patient capital for, 8, 85 product changes and challenges, 24, 25, 80-81 productivity, 166-167 public attitudes toward, 80 quality control, 180 R&D, 165 rejuvenation of mature sectors, 24-25 service sector dependence on and competition with, 8, 24, 85, 165 small-scale, 82 structural changes in, 2-3, 23, 25, 80 85 traditional, 87 in U.S., 68, 85, 90-91, 116, 165-166, 168, 171-172 value added, global trends, 116 See also Automotive industry; Production; Production sharing Maquiladoras access to U.S. markets, 90-92 assembly industry and production, 9596, 98-101 labor force and, 97-98, 104 locations in Mexico, 95 Mexican economy and, 96-97 regulation of, 94-95 See also Production sharing Materials science advances in, 41-44 basic science contributions to, 42 See also Advanced materials Mexico added value in agriculture and manufacturing, 116 border industrialization program, 94, 9798 competitiveness, enhancement, 99-100 economy, 91-93, 96-97, 142 employment, 91, 95, 97-98, 104 GNP and growth rate, 92, 110, 143 production sharing with U.S., 8, 87-103 trade policy, 93, 94, 100-101 Read the entire page →
From page 210... ... tariff policy 806/807, 89 N Natural resources Australian, development of, 127-129 consumption by industrialized nations, 30 in developing countries, 31 Neodymium, processing costs, 42-43 Networks/networking access to, 20 bit rates needed for, 53 in construction industry, 71, 76, 78 electronic fund transfers, 20 fiber optic applications in, 51, 53-54 government role in, 20-21 influences on information technologies, 53-54 integrated services digital network, 53 ISDN/broadband, 54 intelligent nodes, 54 need for, 60 standards for, 20 subscriber, 52; see also Television two-way national in U.S., impacts, 1920 See also Local area networks New Zealand, GNP and growth rate, 111112, 114, 143 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) , technology trading with Warsaw Pact countries, 18 Nuclear weapons technology predicted patterns, 17 social impacts, 13 o Office automation labor market effects of, 23-24, 64 See also Word processing Organization of American States (GAS) Read the entire page →
From page 211... ... 806/807 imports from, 89 Privacy protection concerns, 7, 67 responsibility for, 20 Private sector dissemination of advanced technology, 14-15 influence on directions of commercial technology, 19 role in developing and using technology, See also Multinational corporations Production automotive industry, 83-84 employee-oriented, 83-84 raw materials consumption, 5, 26-27 small-scale units, advantages, 25 structural changes in, 23 211 technological innovations in, 25 Production sharing advantages, 1, 8, 87, 90-94, 99, 101 by Australia, 132 dependency issue, 8, 98-99 disadvantages, 8, 95-99, 101 employment and, 8, 97-98 evolution and growth, 87-88, 95 industry life cycles and, 87 linkages with national economy in host country, 96-97 organizational arrangements, 89-90, 94 95 policy objectives, 99-103 principal participants, 88 siting factors, 90-94 on software development, 64 tariffs, U.S., 88-89 technology transfer through, 97 by U.S. with Mexico, 8, 87-103 See also Maquiladoras advanced manufacturing technologies and, 1 computerization and, 13 in construction, strategies for increasing, 7 Japanese, 160, 161 labor requirements and, 152 U.S., 160-161 Western European, 29, 161 Professional engineering societies, role in policy formation, 21-22 Protectionism between companies, 33-34 disadvantages, 27, 102 Japanese, 116 R&D as, 106-107 role in industrialization, 109 trends, 14 U.S., 126, 174, 175 Public sector influence on civilian commercial technology, 19 role in economic growth, 168-169 role in information flow and processing, 20 Q Quality of life, improvement through technology, 1, 10, 177-180 Read the entire page →
From page 212... ... academic, 6, 34-35 BRITE project, 36 and comparative advantage in international trade, 146-147 in construction, 7 employment in, 146 EUREKA Program, 30 European, 6, 35-36, 145-146 expenditures, 3, 6, 145-146 Japanese, 6, 35, 145-146 industry, 6, 32-34, 35 international cooperation in, 32-34 military, 146 obstacles to, 36 support for, 34-35 U.S., 6, 35, 145-146 See also Scientific research Robotics/robots articulated, for welding, 74 combined with computer-aided design/ manufacturing, 74-75 construction applications, 7, 72-75, 78 costs, 75 job losses to, 64 manufacturing applications, 8 military applications, 17 quality control impacts, 76 remotely controlled for hazardous environments, 74 in U.S., 74 INDEX S Scientific research contributions to materials science, 42 cross-disciplinary approach, 5 data sharing, scientists views on, 18-19 government decision-making role on, 19 predicted patterns, 18 Western European, 30 See also Research and development Security information integrity, 7, 67 in telecommunications, 7, 66-67 Semiconductor industry contributions to fiber optics, 42 U.S.-Japanese competition, 135 Semiconductors complementary metal-oxide, 48 consumption globally by industry, 45, 46 telecommunications applications, 57 Service sector, dependence on manufacturing industry, 85, 165 Singapore added value in agriculture and manufacturing, 116 GNP and growth rate, 110-114, 143 U.S. tariff policy 806/807, 89 wage rates, 93, 177 Software advances, 6, 37-40 business applications, 38 costs, 64 crisis, 7, 49, 51, 63-64 demand, 64 development projects, 39 developmental boundaries for industry, 6, 38 employment opportunities, 64 engineering, definition, 38 human interface, 37-38, 50 industry applications, 50 influences on information technologies, 49-51 for large computer systems, 38 management and planning, 50 methodology and tools, 51 patent and copyright protection, 64, 126 for personal computers, 38 programming languages, 6, 39-40, 4951, 64 Read the entire page →
From page 213... ... policy 807/808, 88-90, 103 Taxation, 170-171, 173 Technological advances acceptance by workers, 76-77, 178 availability, 11, 13 commercialization, 10, 11, 28, 29, 33 comparative advantage, 146-147; see also International competitiveness/ comparative advantage in construction, 68-79 discovery-application interval, 25, 41-42 economic restructuring and, 1, 3, 23-31, 160-161, 167-168, 178-180 engineers' role in policy formation, 11, 21 financial market effects of, 27 free-market forces in, 19 globalization, mode of, 109-110 government influence on and responses to, 3, 4-5, 19, 21 human-level changes from, 2-3 indicators of potential for, 154 institutional-level changes, 2 international cooperation and, 13 international-level changes from, 2, 26 27 life cycle, 107- 109 in manufacturing, 5 military, 16; see also Military technology national-level changes from, 2 negative effects, 152 obsolescence, 33, 65, 131 positive effects, 151- 152 predictions, 4 private sector influences on, 3-4, 19 proprietary advantage, 33-34; see also Protectionism public attitudes on, 3 quality of life improvements through, 11, 177-180 raw materials consumption and, 5, 26-27 rejuvenation of mature sectors, 24-25 scientific nature, 26 social progress and, 12-13 in telecommunications, 62-67 trading of, 15, 18 Technology flows/transfer Read the entire page →
From page 214... ... 214 from academia, 34-35 Australian contributions to, 127- 129 barriers to, 4, 5, 13, 14, 16, 27, 33, 126; see also Protectionism between NATO and Warsaw Pact countries, 18 dynamics, 109 fixed-factor, 130 internal, 24, 155-156 from industry, 35, 109 Japanese and U.S. strategies compared, 133-135 in Latin America and Caribbean, 155156 negotiated military reductions and, 18 obstacles, 155-156 into Pacific rim countries, 9, 109-110, 122-125, 126 predicted trends, 4 private-sector forces in, 14-15 through production sharing, 97, 103 rates, 4, 10, 33-34, 164 strategies for encouraging, 24, 103, 155156 See also International technological cooperation Telecommunications advances in, 7 bit rates, 53 coaxial cable transmission technology, 52 in construction industry, 71 contribution to international technological cooperation, 32 convergence of service modes, 7, 62-63 digitalization, 62, 63 electronic equipment production globally, 46 electronic mail, 32 electro-optical directional coupler, 52 fiber optics applications, 32, 63 globalization, 62 information integrity, 7, 67 inter-LAN/PBX, 53 microelectronics revolution, 7, 63 objectives, 67 optical fiber applications, 27, 51-53, 62 privacy protection, 7, 67 problems and challenges, 7 regulation of, 63 reliability, 7, 62, 66 INDEX satellite, 32, 62 security, 7, 62, 66 semiconductor component consumption, 46 social impacts of advances, 13 software applications and needs, 7, 50, 62, 63-64 standardization in, 7, 34, 55, 63, 65-66 structural changes in industry, 7, 64-65 switching technology, 50, 55, 57, 62 technologies contributing to advances in, 62, 63 See also Data processing and communications; Networks/ networking Telephony access to, globally, 55-56, 59 advances, 55-59 bit rates, 53 fiber optic networks, 51-52 growth forecasts, 57 job losses in, 64 local telephone exchange market, 56 main lines in service globally, 56-57 mobile cellular, 7, 54, 57-59 normal voice, 7, 53-57 standards, 58 switching technology, 50, 55, 57 technological advances contributing to, 57 See also Data processing and communications Television cable, 53, 63 high-definition, 52, 53 Thailand added value in agriculture and manufacturing, 116 GNP and growth rate, 110-114, 143 Trade and trade policy agriculture, by Pacific Economic Community, 116 ASEAN, 120-121 Australia, 131 barriers, 103 competitiveness and, 86, 116- 118 for developed countries, 101-103 free-trade benefits, 14 GATT, 93, 100 incentives, 86, 101 Read the entire page →
From page 215... ... Army Corps of Engineers, construction research, 73 U.S. National Bureau of Standards, construction research, 73 V Very-large-scale-integration technology challenges, 46-48 computer-aided design applications in, 46 computer applications of, 48, 59 contributions to information technologies, 45-48 feature size, design complexity, and facilities for production, 46 Read the entire page →
From page 216... ... 216 pace of development, 45-46 quality control, 66 See also Microcircuits; Semiconductors W Warsaw Pact countries, technology trading with NATO countries, 18 INDEX Word processing, labor market changes due to, 24, 64 X Xerox Corporation, Palo Alto Research Center, 37 Read the entire page →

From page 203...

... Inclex A Advanced materials in automotive industry, 8, 81 carbon fibers, 10, 42, 179 ceramics, 44 in construction, 1, 71-72 discovery-application interval, 6, 41-43 instrumentation for studying, 42 lithium niobate, 52 market influences on discoveries, 6, 42 neodymium, 42-43 processing costs, 6-7, 43 shape-memory alloy, 179 See also Superconducting materials Agriculture ASEAN, 119-121 trade by Pacific Economic Community, 116 value added, global trends, 116 Alvey Directorate, 33 Artificial intelligence applications, 26, 50, 51, 73, 81 concepts, 50-51 influence on information technologies, 50-5 1 Asian newly industrializing countries growth rates, 110-112, 114 See also specific countries Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 203 agricultural growth, 119-121 GNP and growth rate, 110-114 manufacturing growth, 119-121 problems and challenges, 9, 120- 121 science and technology, 121 strengths and characteristics, 119-121 trade policy, 120-121 Australia added value in agriculture and manufacturing, 116 agricultural resources, 128 education, 126 GNP and growth rate, 111-114, 143 industrialization policies, 129- 131 intellectual property, 130 manufacturing industries, 128 mining industry, 127-128 problems and challenges, 9, 121, 132133 production sharing, 132 R&D, 129-131 resource development and technology transfer, 121, 127-129 science development and structure, 126, 129-131 trade policy, 132 wage levels, 128, 132 Automotive industry automation, 84 computer applications and production, 81, 83

Read the entire page →

From page 204...

... and manufacturing (CAM) in automotive industry, 81 in construction, 7, 69-71, 78 expert systems applications, 70-71, 78 initial graphics exchange specification, 70 in manufacturing, 8, 81, 82 robotics, 74-75 standardization, 70 three-dimensional, 70-71 in very-large-scale-~ntegration technology, 46-47 Computers and computer systems costs, 38, 59, 60 digitalization, 62, 63 employment and, 13, 24 expert systems, 4, 70-71, 73-75, 78 fifth-generation, 33 human interface, 37-38, 40, 49, 50 influences on information technologies, 48-49 integrated software-hardware, 24, 37, 49 manufacturing industry applications, 8, 82 memory and processing power, 37, 38, 48-51 parallel processing architectures, 49-51 personal computers, 37, 38, 59, 60 productivity and, 13 quality control applications, 76 reduced-instruction-set, 49, 51 security for, 66 standards, 20, 40 use by white-collar workers, 59, 60 VLSI applications in, 48, 49, 59 See also Artificial intelligence; Computer-aided design (CAD)

Read the entire page →

From page 205...

... INDEX equipment and methods, 7, 71-73 fast-track, 70, 75 first-of-a-kind projects, 77 heavy, 68-70 industrial sector, 69 laser applications in, 71 management methods, 7, 75-77, 78-79 manufacturing contrasted with, 68 markets, impact of technology on, 77-78 offsite fabrication, assembly, and modularization, 7, 72-73 potential for change in, 69 productivity increases, 7 quality control, 76 research programs, 73, 78 residential and commercial sectors, 69, 70 robotics applications, 7, 72, 73, 78 slipforming practices, 71 technological advances in, 7, 68-79 welding automation, 73, 74-75 Cooperation, see International technological cooperation D Data bases for construction management, 75 software needs, 51, 67 Data processing and communications advances in, 7, 58-59 applications, 59, 71, 78 electronic equipment production globally, 46 fiber optics applications in, 52 needs, 34, 58 semiconductor component consumption, 46 use rates, 59 See also Computers and computer systems; Telecommunications Developed countries production sharing by, 101-103 technological innovations in manufacturing, 25 See also specific countries Developing countries economic growth strategies, 6, 9, 25, 30-31 effects of technological cooperation on, 6 205 gross domestic product, 144 indebtedness, 27, 102-103 natural resources development, 6, 31 population growth, 30 production sharing in, 64, 87-101 U.S. tariff policy 806/807, 89 wage rates, 87 See also specific countries E Economic growth/restructuring capital investment role, 161-162 in developing countries, strategies, 25, 30-31 GNP and rate of, 110-113 government role in, 4, 10, 168-169 industry role in, 4 in Japan, 9, 28-29, 137 key technologies for, 24 macroeconomic environment for, 169175 manufacturing role in, 4, 165-167 in Mexico, 92-93 obstacles to, 4, 28 in Pacific Rim countries, 9, 107-119 strategies, 4, 25, 30-31, 159- 175 technological advances and, 1, 3, 9-10, 23-31, 160-161, 167-168, 178-180 in U.S., 9-10, 28, 159-175 in Western Europe, 29 Education and training of automotive industry blue-collar workers, 84 engineering, 5 government role in providing, 168 international cooperation through, 34, 137 on policy matters, 5 for telecommunications jobs, 64 Electronic fund transfers, regulation of, 20 Electronics equipment production globally, 45, 46 military applications, 17 superconductor applications, 44 See also Microcircuits; Very-large-scaleintegration technology Employment advanced manufacturing technologies and, 1, 23-24

Read the entire page →

From page 206...

... tariff policy 806/807, 89 Fiber optics development, 47, 51, 52 electro-optical directional coupler, 52 influence on information technologies, 42, 51-53 market influences on development of, 42 technology transfer from semiconductor industry, 42 telecommunications applications, 27, 32, 51-54 Fiji, GNP and growth rate, 111, 144 Financial markets annual turnover, 27 volume of foreign currency transactions, 27 Finland, robotics technology, 75 France capital investment rate, 161 GNP, 143 gross domestic product, 164 military R&D, 146 productivity growth rate, 161 G General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) , 93, 100, 115 H Honeywell Inc., international laboratory, 34 Hong Kong added value in agriculture and manufacturing, 116

Read the entire page →

From page 207...

... , 154 International competitiveness/comparative advantage changing nature of, 1, 86 factors affecting, 149-150 indicators, 117-118 by industry group and country, 117-119 in information technologies, 25 Japanese, 80, 117-119, 135-137 macroeconomic environment for, 169 175 in manufacturing, 177 of mature industries, 24-25 in microelectronics, 25 research and development and, 146 strategies, 86, 149- 151 U.S., 10, 93-94, 117-119, 165, 169 175 Western European, 29 See also specific countries International Monetary Fund, 26 International Research for Development Center of Canada, 154 International technological cooperation in academia, 33, 34 by Australia, 132-133 on basic science research, 18 communication technologies contributing to, 32

Read the entire page →

From page 208...

... tariff policy 806/807, 89 L agriculture, 116 automotive industry, 83 basic research at universities, 35 capital investment rate, 161 cellular phone penetration, 58-59 commercialization of new technologies, 10, 11, 28, 29, 130, 178-180 competitiveness/comparative advantage, 80, 117-119, 135-137, 177-179 construction industry, 69, 78 contribution to world gross domestic product, 145 cultural barriers to cooperative efforts, 33 economic growth obstacles and strategies, 5, 9, 10, 28-29, 137, 142-143, 173 Labor markets construction, 7 skill mismatches, 7, 23-24 structural changes internationally, 103104 Third World, 102 worker displacement by production sharing, 101 Laser technology in construction industry, 71, 73 semiconductor, 42 Latin America competitiveness, 9, 147, 149-151 cooperative efforts, 150-151 domestic demand, production, and technology, 151-153

Read the entire page →

From page 209...

... 806/807 imports from, 89 Management construction, advances in, 7, 75 in manufacturing, importance, 7, 81, 84 Manufacturing industries apparel, 90, 98 ASEAN, 119-121 automation and robotization, 8, 24, 82 competitors, major companies, 177 computer applications, 8, 81, 82 construction industry contrasted with, 68 consumer demands, 8, 81 economic growth role of, 165-167 effects of advanced technologies on, 5, 8, 81-82 employee demands, 8, 81 employment, 116 in Europe, 85 flexible systems, 8, 82 209 high-tech, 87 importance, 5, 24 information flows across borders, 20-21 Japanese competitiveness in, 80, 178 180 management changes, 7, 81, 84 military technologies applied to, 18 patient capital for, 8, 85 product changes and challenges, 24, 25, 80-81 productivity, 166-167 public attitudes toward, 80 quality control, 180 R&D, 165 rejuvenation of mature sectors, 24-25 service sector dependence on and competition with, 8, 24, 85, 165 small-scale, 82 structural changes in, 2-3, 23, 25, 80 85 traditional, 87 in U.S., 68, 85, 90-91, 116, 165-166, 168, 171-172 value added, global trends, 116 See also Automotive industry; Production; Production sharing Maquiladoras access to U.S. markets, 90-92 assembly industry and production, 9596, 98-101 labor force and, 97-98, 104 locations in Mexico, 95 Mexican economy and, 96-97 regulation of, 94-95 See also Production sharing Materials science advances in, 41-44 basic science contributions to, 42 See also Advanced materials Mexico added value in agriculture and manufacturing, 116 border industrialization program, 94, 9798 competitiveness, enhancement, 99-100 economy, 91-93, 96-97, 142 employment, 91, 95, 97-98, 104 GNP and growth rate, 92, 110, 143 production sharing with U.S., 8, 87-103 trade policy, 93, 94, 100-101

Read the entire page →

From page 210...

... tariff policy 806/807, 89 N Natural resources Australian, development of, 127-129 consumption by industrialized nations, 30 in developing countries, 31 Neodymium, processing costs, 42-43 Networks/networking access to, 20 bit rates needed for, 53 in construction industry, 71, 76, 78 electronic fund transfers, 20 fiber optic applications in, 51, 53-54 government role in, 20-21 influences on information technologies, 53-54 integrated services digital network, 53 ISDN/broadband, 54 intelligent nodes, 54 need for, 60 standards for, 20 subscriber, 52; see also Television two-way national in U.S., impacts, 1920 See also Local area networks New Zealand, GNP and growth rate, 111112, 114, 143 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) , technology trading with Warsaw Pact countries, 18 Nuclear weapons technology predicted patterns, 17 social impacts, 13 o Office automation labor market effects of, 23-24, 64 See also Word processing Organization of American States (GAS)

Read the entire page →

From page 211...

... 806/807 imports from, 89 Privacy protection concerns, 7, 67 responsibility for, 20 Private sector dissemination of advanced technology, 14-15 influence on directions of commercial technology, 19 role in developing and using technology, See also Multinational corporations Production automotive industry, 83-84 employee-oriented, 83-84 raw materials consumption, 5, 26-27 small-scale units, advantages, 25 structural changes in, 23 211 technological innovations in, 25 Production sharing advantages, 1, 8, 87, 90-94, 99, 101 by Australia, 132 dependency issue, 8, 98-99 disadvantages, 8, 95-99, 101 employment and, 8, 97-98 evolution and growth, 87-88, 95 industry life cycles and, 87 linkages with national economy in host country, 96-97 organizational arrangements, 89-90, 94 95 policy objectives, 99-103 principal participants, 88 siting factors, 90-94 on software development, 64 tariffs, U.S., 88-89 technology transfer through, 97 by U.S. with Mexico, 8, 87-103 See also Maquiladoras advanced manufacturing technologies and, 1 computerization and, 13 in construction, strategies for increasing, 7 Japanese, 160, 161 labor requirements and, 152 U.S., 160-161 Western European, 29, 161 Professional engineering societies, role in policy formation, 21-22 Protectionism between companies, 33-34 disadvantages, 27, 102 Japanese, 116 R&D as, 106-107 role in industrialization, 109 trends, 14 U.S., 126, 174, 175 Public sector influence on civilian commercial technology, 19 role in economic growth, 168-169 role in information flow and processing, 20 Q Quality of life, improvement through technology, 1, 10, 177-180

Read the entire page →

From page 212...

... academic, 6, 34-35 BRITE project, 36 and comparative advantage in international trade, 146-147 in construction, 7 employment in, 146 EUREKA Program, 30 European, 6, 35-36, 145-146 expenditures, 3, 6, 145-146 Japanese, 6, 35, 145-146 industry, 6, 32-34, 35 international cooperation in, 32-34 military, 146 obstacles to, 36 support for, 34-35 U.S., 6, 35, 145-146 See also Scientific research Robotics/robots articulated, for welding, 74 combined with computer-aided design/ manufacturing, 74-75 construction applications, 7, 72-75, 78 costs, 75 job losses to, 64 manufacturing applications, 8 military applications, 17 quality control impacts, 76 remotely controlled for hazardous environments, 74 in U.S., 74 INDEX S Scientific research contributions to materials science, 42 cross-disciplinary approach, 5 data sharing, scientists views on, 18-19 government decision-making role on, 19 predicted patterns, 18 Western European, 30 See also Research and development Security information integrity, 7, 67 in telecommunications, 7, 66-67 Semiconductor industry contributions to fiber optics, 42 U.S.-Japanese competition, 135 Semiconductors complementary metal-oxide, 48 consumption globally by industry, 45, 46 telecommunications applications, 57 Service sector, dependence on manufacturing industry, 85, 165 Singapore added value in agriculture and manufacturing, 116 GNP and growth rate, 110-114, 143 U.S. tariff policy 806/807, 89 wage rates, 93, 177 Software advances, 6, 37-40 business applications, 38 costs, 64 crisis, 7, 49, 51, 63-64 demand, 64 development projects, 39 developmental boundaries for industry, 6, 38 employment opportunities, 64 engineering, definition, 38 human interface, 37-38, 50 industry applications, 50 influences on information technologies, 49-51 for large computer systems, 38 management and planning, 50 methodology and tools, 51 patent and copyright protection, 64, 126 for personal computers, 38 programming languages, 6, 39-40, 4951, 64

Read the entire page →

From page 213...

... policy 807/808, 88-90, 103 Taxation, 170-171, 173 Technological advances acceptance by workers, 76-77, 178 availability, 11, 13 commercialization, 10, 11, 28, 29, 33 comparative advantage, 146-147; see also International competitiveness/ comparative advantage in construction, 68-79 discovery-application interval, 25, 41-42 economic restructuring and, 1, 3, 23-31, 160-161, 167-168, 178-180 engineers' role in policy formation, 11, 21 financial market effects of, 27 free-market forces in, 19 globalization, mode of, 109-110 government influence on and responses to, 3, 4-5, 19, 21 human-level changes from, 2-3 indicators of potential for, 154 institutional-level changes, 2 international cooperation and, 13 international-level changes from, 2, 26 27 life cycle, 107- 109 in manufacturing, 5 military, 16; see also Military technology national-level changes from, 2 negative effects, 152 obsolescence, 33, 65, 131 positive effects, 151- 152 predictions, 4 private sector influences on, 3-4, 19 proprietary advantage, 33-34; see also Protectionism public attitudes on, 3 quality of life improvements through, 11, 177-180 raw materials consumption and, 5, 26-27 rejuvenation of mature sectors, 24-25 scientific nature, 26 social progress and, 12-13 in telecommunications, 62-67 trading of, 15, 18 Technology flows/transfer

Read the entire page →

From page 214...

... 214 from academia, 34-35 Australian contributions to, 127- 129 barriers to, 4, 5, 13, 14, 16, 27, 33, 126; see also Protectionism between NATO and Warsaw Pact countries, 18 dynamics, 109 fixed-factor, 130 internal, 24, 155-156 from industry, 35, 109 Japanese and U.S. strategies compared, 133-135 in Latin America and Caribbean, 155156 negotiated military reductions and, 18 obstacles, 155-156 into Pacific rim countries, 9, 109-110, 122-125, 126 predicted trends, 4 private-sector forces in, 14-15 through production sharing, 97, 103 rates, 4, 10, 33-34, 164 strategies for encouraging, 24, 103, 155156 See also International technological cooperation Telecommunications advances in, 7 bit rates, 53 coaxial cable transmission technology, 52 in construction industry, 71 contribution to international technological cooperation, 32 convergence of service modes, 7, 62-63 digitalization, 62, 63 electronic equipment production globally, 46 electronic mail, 32 electro-optical directional coupler, 52 fiber optics applications, 32, 63 globalization, 62 information integrity, 7, 67 inter-LAN/PBX, 53 microelectronics revolution, 7, 63 objectives, 67 optical fiber applications, 27, 51-53, 62 privacy protection, 7, 67 problems and challenges, 7 regulation of, 63 reliability, 7, 62, 66 INDEX satellite, 32, 62 security, 7, 62, 66 semiconductor component consumption, 46 social impacts of advances, 13 software applications and needs, 7, 50, 62, 63-64 standardization in, 7, 34, 55, 63, 65-66 structural changes in industry, 7, 64-65 switching technology, 50, 55, 57, 62 technologies contributing to advances in, 62, 63 See also Data processing and communications; Networks/ networking Telephony access to, globally, 55-56, 59 advances, 55-59 bit rates, 53 fiber optic networks, 51-52 growth forecasts, 57 job losses in, 64 local telephone exchange market, 56 main lines in service globally, 56-57 mobile cellular, 7, 54, 57-59 normal voice, 7, 53-57 standards, 58 switching technology, 50, 55, 57 technological advances contributing to, 57 See also Data processing and communications Television cable, 53, 63 high-definition, 52, 53 Thailand added value in agriculture and manufacturing, 116 GNP and growth rate, 110-114, 143 Trade and trade policy agriculture, by Pacific Economic Community, 116 ASEAN, 120-121 Australia, 131 barriers, 103 competitiveness and, 86, 116- 118 for developed countries, 101-103 free-trade benefits, 14 GATT, 93, 100 incentives, 86, 101

Read the entire page →

From page 215...

... Army Corps of Engineers, construction research, 73 U.S. National Bureau of Standards, construction research, 73 V Very-large-scale-integration technology challenges, 46-48 computer-aided design applications in, 46 computer applications of, 48, 59 contributions to information technologies, 45-48 feature size, design complexity, and facilities for production, 46

Read the entire page →

From page 216...

... 216 pace of development, 45-46 quality control, 66 See also Microcircuits; Semiconductors W Warsaw Pact countries, technology trading with NATO countries, 18 INDEX Word processing, labor market changes due to, 24, 64 X Xerox Corporation, Palo Alto Research Center, 37

Read the entire page →

← Previous Chapter Skim

This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More information on Chapter Skim is available.

Index Pages 203-216

Index
Pages 203-216