Globalization of Technology International Perspectives (1988) / Chapter Skim
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Information Technologies in Industry and Society
Information Technologies in Industry and Society
Pages 45-61
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three of particular importance are traditional telephony, mobile cellular telephony, and data processing and communication. Information technologies, in turn, affect many industries and society as a whole.
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From page 46... ...
technology at the cutting edge of development, there are challenges in feature size, design complexity, and facilities for production. VLSI technology today includes feature sizes of less than 1 Em on the chip.
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Prosper Eckert 1947 Transistor John Bardeen, Walter H Brattain, and William Shockley 1958 Integrated circuit 1962 Telstar satellite 1965 Stored program control switch 1966 Step index optical fiber conception K
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Nevertheless, VLSI technology still needs people; they are the key factor to success in this area. For example, in the United States, a relatively small number of skilled designers and engineers drive the $6 billion integrated circuit industry today.
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New computer architectures driven by evolving software technologies will make more efficient use of the VLSI technology. Examples of such architectures are reduced-instruction-set computers (RISC)
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This calls for very good tools for releasing different versions and updates. As a result, it is absolutely vital to use results from information technologies research.
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Adhering to standards allows an organization to concentrate resources in areas where it can add substantial value. The next crisis in computing will be the need to handle the rapidly growing amount of information that will be available in distributed data bases.
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The technical development of optical fiber includes the step-index, the graded-index, and the single-mode fibers (see Figure 41. For advanced applications and broad bandwidth networks, the single-mode fiber will be used because of its remarkable capacity to transport narrow signals.
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From page 53... ...
Many qualified image-compression techniques are needed to keep the bandwidth below 140 Mbit/s, but that is already almost possible (see Figure 61. From today's telephony and data communication systems, broadcast TV, and te~inal communications, we will see the gradual emergence of the integrated services digital network (ISDN)
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VLSI and computer technologies have made these conditions possible. Three of the main applications of information technologies today are normal voice telephony, mobile telephony, and data communications.
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The shift from analog to digital switching and transmission technologies will have a tremendous impact as the telephone network now becomes an integrated service network. It is also important to remember that the majority of the world's inhabitants do not have access to plain voice communication.
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. World total in 1987, 454 million (4.3 percent annual growth rate)
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The cumulative growth forecast for cellular phones projects a total of 7.5 million by 1990, including 2.3 million in Europe and 3.8 million in the United States. Mobile cellular telephony is still in its developmental phase, as shown by =~L Manual Open Systems Automatic Systems _ -{ Cellular Microprocessors .
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TABLE S Number of Cellular Telephones per 100 Inhabitants Country or Region Scandinavia Austria United Kingdom Japan United States Rest of Europe Phones, 100 People 1.4 0.2 0.15 <0.14 <0.14 <0.1
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Workstations, like telephones, are now considered necessary tools for the workplace. SOCIETAL IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES Cutting-edge technologies have driven the development of information technologies, which in turn have driven the development of society.
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1 990 from agriculture and manufacturing into an information society. The entire Western World has experienced similar development.
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INDUSTRY AND SOCIETY 61 With the new information technologies at hand, we will together be able to form a society that contradicts the frightening visions of the future described in George Orwell's 1984 or Aldous Huxley's Brave New World. Communication implies the dissemination of information, and thus of understanding, which will be the basis for democracy and peaceful development in the future.
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