Saving Women's Lives Strategies for Improving Breast Cancer Detection and Diagnosis (2005) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Glossary
Glossary
Pages 326-340
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From page 326... ...
Antigen -- a substance that induces the immune system to produce antibodies that interact specifically with it. Atypical hyperplasia -- proliferation of cells showing atypical nuclear form, especially as scattered cells.
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From page 327... ...
Breast self-examination -- monthly physical examination of the breasts with the intent of finding lumps that could be an early indication of cancer. Cancer -- a general term for more than 100 diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control.
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From page 328... ...
Results from this type of study are generally less reliable than a well-designed randomized controlled clinical trial. Case report -- a description of a single case, typically describing the mani festations, clinical course, and prognosis of that case.
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From page 329... ...
Contralateral -- originating in or affecting the opposite side of the body. Contrast agent -- a substance that enhances the image produced by medical diagnostic equipment such as ultrasound, x-ray, magnetic resonance imaging, or nuclear medicine or an imaging-sensitive substance that is ingested or injected intravenously to enhance or increase contrast between anatomical structures.
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From page 330... ...
Diagnosis -- definitive confirmation of a specific disease usually by imaging procedures and from the use of laboratory findings. Diagnostic mammography -- x-ray-based breast imaging undertaken for the purpose of diagnosing an abnormality discovered by physical exam or screening mammography.
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From page 331... ...
Epigenetics -- the study of changes producing phenotypic effects in which gene activity is altered without modifying the nucleotide sequence. Epithelial tissue -- those cells that form the outer surface of the body and that line the body cavities and the principal tubes and passageways.
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From page 332... ...
Hyperplasia -- an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, excluding tumor formation. Imaging agent -- any substance administered to a patient for the purpose of producing or enhancing an image of the body; includes contrast agents used with medical imaging techniques such as radiography, computed tomography, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging, as well
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From page 333... ...
Invasive cancer -- cancers capable of growing beyond their site of origin and invading neighboring tissue. Invasive ductal carcinoma -- a cancer that starts in the ducts of the breast and then breaks through the duct wall, where it invades the surrounding tissue; it is the most common type of breast cancer, and accounts for about 80 percent of breast malignancies, also known as infiltrating ductal carcinoma.
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From page 334... ...
Mass spectroscopy -- a method for separating ionized molecular particles according to mass by applying a combination of electrical and magnetic fields to deflect ions passing in a beam through the instrument. Medicaid -- federal- and state-funded health insurance program for certain low-income people.
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From page 335... ...
Meta-analysis -- systematic methods that use statistical techniques for combining results from different studies to obtain a quantitative estimate of the overall effect of a particular intervention or variable on a defined outcome. This combination may produce a stronger conclusion than can be provided by any individual study (also known as data synthesis or quantitative overview)
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From page 336... ...
p value -- the probability that an outcome as large as or larger than that observed would occur in a properly designed, executed, and analyzed analytical study if in reality there was no difference between the groups; often used to define statistical significance of results. p53 -- a tumor suppressor gene commonly mutated in cancer.
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From page 337... ...
. Positron emission tomography -- use of radioactive tracers such as labeled glucose to identify regions in the body with altered metabolic activity.
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From page 338... ...
Randomized controlled trial -- a true prospective experiment in which investigators randomly assign an eligible sample of patients to one or more treatment groups and a control group and follow patients' outcomes (also known as randomized clinical trial)
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From page 339... ...
Spiral computed tomography -- a detailed cross-sectional picture of areas inside the body. The images are created by a computer linked to an x ray machine that scans the body in a spiral path.
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From page 340... ...
Tumor suppressor genes -- genes that slow cell division or that cause cells to die at the appropriate time. Mutations in these genes can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and the development of cancer.
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Key Terms
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