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Stepping-Stones to the Future of Space Exploration A Workshop Report (2004) / Chapter Skim
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7 International Cooperation/Competition -- Why, How, When?
Pages 43-49

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From page 43...
... Four panelists participated in the discussion: Ian Pryke, Center for Aerospace Policy Research at George Mason University (formerly with the European Space Agency) ; Joan Johnson-Freese, Naval War College; Joanne Gabrynowicz, National Remote Sensing and Space Law Center at the University of Mississippi; and Marcia Smith, Congressional Research Service.
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From page 44...
... Pryke mentioned that there are various models of cooperation that can be considered, ranging from program coordination through programmatic interdependence to dedicated international institutions. Pryke suggested that the United States should engage the international community sooner rather than later.
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From page 45...
... There are 150,000 aerospace workers in 130 organizations their aerospace program is a huge jobs program. China has also been a leader in supporting a treaty banning space weapons and is pursuing asymmetric responses to space weapons (e.g., antisatellite weapons (ASATs)
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From page 46...
... This event led to the emergence of is sues related to the use of nuclear power in space and the United Nations Principles Relevant to the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space. Text is available online at ; accessed March 15, 2004.
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From page 47...
... A human Mars mission raises environmental legal issues, informed consent for astronauts issues, and a variety of treaty issues, including whether or not there needs to be a Mars treaty. Gabrynowicz identified potential legal issues that arose from discussions in this workshop.
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From page 48...
... space program itself was born from both cooperation and competition, starting with the 1957-1958 international Geophysical Year. NASA's 1958 charter includes language directing the agency to cooperate with other nations.
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From page 49...
... An option is to coordinate programs (e.g., Mars explorers) to limit duplication of effort, rather than jointly building spacecraft, which adds complexity.
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Key Terms

  • outer space
  • space program
  • pryke mentioned
  • legal issues
  • nations principles

  • space exploration
  • european space
  • power sources
  • space agency
  • international space

  • gabrynowicz mentioned
  • nps principles
  • eric rice
  • naval war
  • cooperative agreement

  • panel moderator
  • space cooperation
  • joanne gabrynowicz
  • space treaty
  • space weapons

  • pryke stated
  • marcia smith
  • human exploration
  • exploration vision
  • congressional research

  • iss cooperative
  • ian pryke
  • manned lunar
  • space programs
  • war college


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