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From page 161... ... Index A research recommendations, 26, 28 reservation inhabitants, 13-14 Access to health care, 3, 7, 36, 92, 93 risk factors, 28 see also Health insurance; Patient socioeconomic status, 56-57 compliance; Self-care practices; Alcohol use and abuse, 32, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66 Utilization of health care prejudice and discrimination, 78 early life disadvantage, 107 Alternative and complementary medicine, prejudice and discrimination, 77 112 research recommendations, 6, 102 research recommendations, 6, 114 Adolescents Alzheimer's disease and dementia, 20, 23 multiracial self-identification, 10 genetics and, 50 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, psychosocial factors, 72 108 stress on spouse, 83 socioeconomic status and behavior risk American Indians, 1 factors, 35 see also Alaska Natives African Americans, see Black persons behavioral risk factors, 62, 63, 68, 118 Age factors, see Life cycle factors causes of death, 18, 19 AIDS, see HIV health and disability, general, 20-21, 26, Alaska Natives, 1 29 behavioral risk factors, 62, 63, 68 health insurance, 95 health and disability, general, 20-21, 26, health promotion, 113 29 hospitalization, 13-14 health insurance, 95 mortality, 13, 16, 17, 18, 26 historical perspectives, 12 prejudice and discrimination, 12, 81 mortality, 17, 26 quality of health care, 96, 97 prejudice and discrimination, 81 racial/ethnic identification, 9, 10, 11, 13 quality of health care, 97 14 racial/ethnic identification, 9, 10-11, 13, research recommendations, 26, 28 14 reservation inhabitants, 13-14, 29 161 Read the entire page →
From page 162... ... socioeconomic status, 56, 57 cerebrovascular disease, 22, 96 stress, 83, 84 diabetes, 22, 96, 101, 118 Attitudes and beliefs disease prevalence, specific conditions, see also Prejudice and discrimination; 22-23 Stress early life disadvantage, 105, 106 personal resources, 73 educational status, 57 provider stereotyping, 3, 99-101, 102, health and disability, general, 20-21, 22 103 23, 29 providers, distrust of, 102 health insurance, 92-94, 95 self-esteem, 78, 106 health promotion, 113, 116, 119 self-rated health status, 21, 34 historical perspectives, 12, 29 self-reported risk behaviors, 61, 63, 65 hospitalization, 96, 97-98, 99 income, 29 prejudice and discrimination, 77, 80, 81, B 87-88, 99, 100 quality of health care, 95-102 (passim) Behavioral risk factors, 8, 32-33, 34, 61-69, racial/ethnic identification, 9, 10, 11 111-121 religious beliefs, 74 see also Alcohol use and abuse; Diet and research recommendations, 25, 27, 68, nutrition; Individual behavior; 102, 120 Life cycle factors; Obesity; risk factors, general, 28 Physical exercise; Psychosocial self-care, 101 factors; Smoking; Stress; Violence slavery, 12 Alaska Natives, 62, 63, 68 smoking, 3, 63, 65, 116 American Indians, 62, 63, 68, 118 socioeconomic status, 56, 57, 83-84, 92 Asians, 3, 62, 63, 65 94, 95, 101-102, 119, 120 blacks, 3, 62, 63, 65, 66, 68, 74, 116 stress, 83-84, 85, 87 educational status and income, 61 health promotion, 4, 5, 111-121 Hispanics, 3, 61, 63, 65 C religious influences, 9, 33, 35, 39, 50, 71-75 (passim) Read the entire page →
From page 163... ... INDEX 163 cause of death, 18, 19 Complementary medicine, see Alternative educational status, 55 and complementary medicine prevalence by sex, 24 Cultural factors, see Sociocultural factors; prevalence by sex and race, 22 specific racial/ethnic groups quality of health care, 96, 98 women, 24, 96, 101, 113 Cardiovascular disease, 34, 109 D Asians, 52 behavioral risk factors, 61, 64 Definitional issues black persons, 18, 19, 20, 21-22, 52, 64, allostatic load, 88 behavioral risk factors, 65 87-88, 96, 98 cause of death, 18, 19, 20, 84 physiological reactivity, 87, 88 educational status, 55 racial and ethnic groups, 9-11, 13-14, 27, 39-40 genetics and, 52, 87 Hispanics, 52, 96 disease prevalence statistics, 24 prejudice and discrimination, 78, 79, 87- genetics, 46-49, 53 mortality rates, 15 88 psychosocial factors, 3, 71, 72, 74, 84, racial/ethnic identification, 9, 10, 14, 39 86, 87-88, 90 40, 76 racism, prejudice, and discrimination, quality of health care, 96, 98 religious influences, 71, 74 76, 79 stress and, 3, 84, 87-88 research priorities, 33 stress, 82 whites, 52, 64 Causes of death, 2, 18-20, 84 Diabetes, 34 see also Mortality behavioral risk factors, 64 blacks, 22, 96, 101, 118 Census data multiracial self-identification, 10 cause of death, 18, 19 population size, by race, 11 educational status, 55 health promotion, 112 Cerebrovascular disease blacks, 22, 96 Hispanics, 2, 18, 19, 23, 96, 118 cause of death, 18, 19 prevalence by sex and race, 22 quality of health care, 96 educational status, 55 quality of health care, 96 research recommendations, 26 whites, 18, 22, 23 self-care, 101 targeted interventions, 118 Cognitive functioning, 15, 23 see also Alzheimer's disease and Diet and nutrition, 32, 64, 121 dementia; Mental health and see also Obesity genetics and, 49 illness alcohol consumption, 66 Disabilities and disabled persons, 14-15, 20 Hispanics, 23 21 see also Diseases and disorders research recommendations, 26-27 Cohort analysis, 3, 20, 21 personal resources, 73 allostatic load, 88 Discrimination, see Prejudice and discrimination committee recommendations, 4, 6, 27, 108-109, 110 Diseases and disorders, general, 7, 21-25, genetics and environment, 53 32, 34 see also Behavioral risk factors; Causes health promotion, 112, 114 life cycle research, 108-109, 110 of death; Disabilities and disabled prejudice and discrimination, 78, 80-81 persons; Incidence and prevalence; Risk factors; specific selection processes, 40-41 Commonwealth Minority Health Survey, 83 disease categories (e.g., Cardiovascular disease) Read the entire page →
From page 164... ... 164 INDEX Alaska Natives, 20-21, 26, 29 behavioral risk factors, 65 allostatic load, 88 cancer, 24, 96, 101, 113 American Indians, 20-21, 26, 29 cardiovascular disease, 21-22 Asians, 20-21, 23-24, 26 educational attainment, 57 blacks, 20-21, 22-23, 29 health and disability, general, 21 early life disadvantage, 107 health promotion, 96, 101, 113 educational status, 55, 58 income, 55-56 Hispanics, 20-22, 23, 25, 26, 31 socioeconomic status, 55-56 religious influences, 71 specific diseases, prevalence by sex and genetic factors, 49 race, 21-22 psychosocial factors, 86, 90 Genetic factors, 33, 34, 35, 46-53 research recommendations, 4, 25, 26-27, alcohol consumption, 66 90 committee charge/methodology, 8 socioeconomic status, 55, 57 environment-gene interactions, 35 stress, 83 selection processes, 39 whites, 21-22, 25, 29 sociocultural factors and, 47, 50 Drug abuse, see Substance abuse utilization of health care and, 49-50 Geographic factors quality of health care, 3, 5, 98-99 E research recommendations, 5, 102, 103 Economic factors, 7 see also Employment; Health insurance; H Income; Socioeconomic factors access to health care, 92 Handicapped persons, see Disabilities and incentives and disincentives, 115 disabled persons selection processes, 42 Health care, 92-103 Educational attainment, 4, 30, 33, 35, 55- see also Access to health care; Health 57, 58 care professionals; Health multiracial self-identification, 10 insurance; Patient compliance; prejudice and discrimination, 76 Quality of health care; Treatment research recommendations, 27, 60 issues; Utilization of health care self-care practices, 58 self-care practices, 33, 34, 36, 58, 101Employment, 3, 33, 40, 42, 54, 59 102 immigrants, 68 Health care professionals occupational hazards, 50, 82, 83, 91 provider stereotyping, 3, 99-101, 102, 103 prejudice and discrimination, 76, 77 providers, distrust of, 102 stress, 83, 91 research recommendations, 6, 102, 103 Environmental contaminants and Health insurance, 92-95, 97, 102 degradation, 7, 34, 53, 59, 67, 92 Medicaid, 94, 96, 97 behavioral risk factors, 64 Medicare, 93-97 (passim) , 101, 119 early life disadvantage, 107 Health promotion, 4, 5, 111-121 prejudice and discrimination, 34, 76 cohort analysis, 112, 114 targeted interventions, 118 gender factors, 96, 101, 113 Exercise, see Physical exercise research recommendations, 5, 114-115, 120-121 targeted interventions, 117-118, 121 G Heart disease, see Cardiovascular disease Hispanics, 2 Gender factors behavioral risk factors, 3, 62, 63, 65, alcohol consumption, 66 68-69 Alzheimer's disease, 20 causes of death, 18, 19 Read the entire page →
From page 165... ... INDEX 165 diabetes, 2, 18, 19, 23, 96, 118 Immunologic factors disease prevalence, 21-22, 23, 25 behavioral risk factors, 64 early life disadvantage, 105 early life disadvantage, 108 educational status, 57 genetics and, 52 health and disability, general, 20-22, 23, psychosocial factors, 86, 88-89 25, 26, 31 Incidence and prevalence, 5 health insurance, 92-94 see also Mortality health promotion, 113, 119 cancer, 22, 24 income, 29, 31 gender factors, 21-22 mortality, 2, 3, 13, 14, 16-19, 25, 27, Hispanics, 21-22, 23, 25 43, 65, 105 mental illness, 20, 23, 24-25 quality of health care, 95-97, 98, 99, respiratory diseases, sex and race, 22, 23 101, 102 Income, 28, 29, 30, 33, 35, 57-58 racial/ethnic identification, 9, 10-11, 13 see also Socioeconomic status research recommendations, 25, 26, 68- gender factors, 55-56 69, 102 research recommendations, 59 respiratory diseases, 23, 96 Indian Health Service, 95 selection processes, 39-40, 41-42, 43 Indians, see American Indians self-care, 101 Individual behavior, 28-29, 33, 111-114 socioeconomic status, 56, 57, 119 see also Behavioral risk factors; stress, 85 Educational attainment; targeted interventions, 118 Psychosocial factors Historical perspectives, 11-12, 28-29, 119 racial/ethnic identification, 9, 10 early health disadvantage, 105 socioeconomic status, 58 prejudice and discrimination, 11-13, 77, Insurance, see Health insurance 80, 84 Interdisciplinary studies, 1, 4, 32, 33, 86 social and economic policy, 119-120 causal processes, 37 HIV committee charge/methodology, 8 cause of death, 20 Interventions, see Health promotion; self-care, 101 Treatment issues Homicide, 20 Hospitals and hospitalization, 96-98, 99, 102-103 L American Indians, 13-14 Latinos, see Hispanics blacks, 96, 97-98, 99 Life cycle factors, 4, 7, 36, 104-110 see also Adolescents I alcohol consumption, 66 behavioral risk factors, 62, 66 Immigrants, 2-3 cohort analysis, 108-109, 110 see also Hispanics early health disadvantage, 17, 104-108, behavioral risk factors, 66 109 historical perspectives, 12-13 health promotion, 114 mortality, 26, 43 mortality rates, age-adjusted, 2, 15, 16, prejudice and discrimination, 78, 81 17, 34, 105 racial/ethnic identification, 10, 11 prejudice and discrimination, 6, 80-81 regulatory measures, 119 research recommendations, 4, 5, 59, research recommendations, 26 108-110 selection processes, 39-40, 41, 42 selection processes, 40-41 slavery, 12 self-rated health status, 21 stress, 84 sexual behavior, 67 whites, 12 socioeconomic status, 55, 56, 59, 60 Read the entire page →
From page 166... ... , 101, 119 dementia; Cerebrovascular Men, see Gender factors disease; Psychosocial factors; Mental health and illness, 72, 84-85 Stress see also Alzheimer's disease and early life disadvantage, 106 dementia; Psychosocial factors; neurovisceral factors, 71, 89-90 Stress; Violence research recommendations, 27 disease prevalence statistics, 20, 23, 24-25 Nontraditional medicine, see Alternative early life disadvantage, 106 and complementary medicine educational status, 55 Nutrition, see Diet and nutrition; Obesity prejudice and discrimination, 77 research recommendations, 26-27 sexual behavior, 67 O Metabolic syndrome, 89 Methodology, see Research methodology Obesity, 61, 62, 63, 65-66, 121 immigrants, 66 Mortality, 14-20 see also Causes of death; Life expectancy socioeconomic status, 4 age-adjusted, 2, 15, 16, 17, 34, 105 Office of Management and Budget, 10 Alaska Natives, 17, 26 alcohol consumption, 66 P allostatic load, 88 American Indians, 13, 16, 17, 18, 26 Panel studies, see Cohort analysis Asians, 13, 16-20 (passim) , 27, 65, 105 Patient compliance, 3, 33, 36, 102, 103 blacks, 2, 3, 13-20 (passim) Read the entire page →
From page 167... ... blacks, 25, 27, 68, 102, 120 research recommendations, 5, 6, 33, 74 cognitive functioning, 26-27 75, 90-91 cohort studies, 4, 6, 27, 108-109, 110 treatment, general, 72, 74-75 committee charge/methodology, 2, 8 Read the entire page →
From page 168... ... , American Indians, 28, 62, 63, 68, 118 54-60, 119-121 research recommendations, 4, 5, 25, 26- see also Educational attainment; 28 Employment; Income stress, impacts on other risk factors, 83 behavioral risk factors, 35, 58, 62-64, 65, 66, 68 blacks, 56, 57, 83-84, 92-94, 95, 101 S 102, 119, 120 gender factors, 55-56 Selection processes, 4, 5, 38, 39-45 health promotion, 113, 114 reciprocal causation, 35, 38-39, 41-42, Hispanics, 56, 57, 119 44, 54-56, 60 life cycle factors, 55, 56, 59, 60 Self-care practices, 33, 34, 36, 101-102 Medicaid, 94, 96, 97 educational status, 58 Medicare, 93 Self-esteem, 78, 106 mortality rates, 16 Read the entire page →
From page 169... ... INDEX 169 prejudice and discrimination, 36, 81 disease prevalence statistics, 24 research recommendations, 4, 5, 59-60, early life disadvantage, 107 119 genetics and, 49-50 selection processes, 42 providers, distrust of, 102 smoking, 3, 62-63, 65 research recommendations, 6, 102, 114 stress, 83, 84 socioeconomic status and, 36 whites, 57, 65 Stress, 3, 36, 82-85 see also Prejudice and discrimination V allostatic load, 88 Violence, 33, 83 blacks, 83-84, 85, 87 cardiovascular disease, 3, 84, 87-88 black neighborhoods, 67 caregivers, elderly, 83 early life disadvantage, 106, 107 homicide, 20 defined, 82 genetics and, 52 Vital statistics, 37 immunologic response, 88-89 physiological reactivity, 87, 88, 90 W prejudice and discrimination, 77-79, 83, 84 White persons, 1, 2 research recommendations, 5, 6, 85 Alzheimer's disease and dementia, 20, socioeconomic status, 83, 84 23 targeted interventions, 118 behavioral risk factors, 62, 63, 65-66, whites, 82, 84 68, 116 Substance abuse, 66 cardiovascular disease, 52, 64 causes of death, 2, 18-20 cerebrovascular disease, 18, 22, 23 T diabetes, 22, 23 Tobacco use, see Smoking disease and conditions, general, 21-22, 25, 29 Treatment issues, 92 see also Access to health care; educational status, 57 Alternative and complementary health and disability, general, 20-21, 29 health insurance, 92-94, 95 medicine; Health care professionals; Health insurance; historical perspectives, immigrants, 12 Health promotion; Hospitals and mortality, 2, 3, 13-20 (passim) , 25, 27, 41, 65 hospitalization; Patient compliance; Utilization of health quality of health care, 95, 97-98, 102 care racial/ethnic identification, 9, 10, 11 religious beliefs, 74 behavioral interventions, 111-114 genetics and, 52-53 research recommendations, 25, 68, 102 health insurance coverage and, 92 self-care, 101 socioeconomic status, 57, 65 psychosocial factors, 72, 74-75 stress, 82, 84 Women, see Gender factors U World Health Organization, 25 Utilization of health care, 8, 33, 36, 62, 92, 93 see also Access to health care; Patient compliance; Self-care practices Read the entire page →

From page 161...

... Index A research recommendations, 26, 28 reservation inhabitants, 13-14 Access to health care, 3, 7, 36, 92, 93 risk factors, 28 see also Health insurance; Patient socioeconomic status, 56-57 compliance; Self-care practices; Alcohol use and abuse, 32, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66 Utilization of health care prejudice and discrimination, 78 early life disadvantage, 107 Alternative and complementary medicine, prejudice and discrimination, 77 112 research recommendations, 6, 102 research recommendations, 6, 114 Adolescents Alzheimer's disease and dementia, 20, 23 multiracial self-identification, 10 genetics and, 50 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, psychosocial factors, 72 108 stress on spouse, 83 socioeconomic status and behavior risk American Indians, 1 factors, 35 see also Alaska Natives African Americans, see Black persons behavioral risk factors, 62, 63, 68, 118 Age factors, see Life cycle factors causes of death, 18, 19 AIDS, see HIV health and disability, general, 20-21, 26, Alaska Natives, 1 29 behavioral risk factors, 62, 63, 68 health insurance, 95 health and disability, general, 20-21, 26, health promotion, 113 29 hospitalization, 13-14 health insurance, 95 mortality, 13, 16, 17, 18, 26 historical perspectives, 12 prejudice and discrimination, 12, 81 mortality, 17, 26 quality of health care, 96, 97 prejudice and discrimination, 81 racial/ethnic identification, 9, 10, 11, 13 quality of health care, 97 14 racial/ethnic identification, 9, 10-11, 13, research recommendations, 26, 28 14 reservation inhabitants, 13-14, 29 161

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From page 162...

... socioeconomic status, 56, 57 cerebrovascular disease, 22, 96 stress, 83, 84 diabetes, 22, 96, 101, 118 Attitudes and beliefs disease prevalence, specific conditions, see also Prejudice and discrimination; 22-23 Stress early life disadvantage, 105, 106 personal resources, 73 educational status, 57 provider stereotyping, 3, 99-101, 102, health and disability, general, 20-21, 22 103 23, 29 providers, distrust of, 102 health insurance, 92-94, 95 self-esteem, 78, 106 health promotion, 113, 116, 119 self-rated health status, 21, 34 historical perspectives, 12, 29 self-reported risk behaviors, 61, 63, 65 hospitalization, 96, 97-98, 99 income, 29 prejudice and discrimination, 77, 80, 81, B 87-88, 99, 100 quality of health care, 95-102 (passim) Behavioral risk factors, 8, 32-33, 34, 61-69, racial/ethnic identification, 9, 10, 11 111-121 religious beliefs, 74 see also Alcohol use and abuse; Diet and research recommendations, 25, 27, 68, nutrition; Individual behavior; 102, 120 Life cycle factors; Obesity; risk factors, general, 28 Physical exercise; Psychosocial self-care, 101 factors; Smoking; Stress; Violence slavery, 12 Alaska Natives, 62, 63, 68 smoking, 3, 63, 65, 116 American Indians, 62, 63, 68, 118 socioeconomic status, 56, 57, 83-84, 92 Asians, 3, 62, 63, 65 94, 95, 101-102, 119, 120 blacks, 3, 62, 63, 65, 66, 68, 74, 116 stress, 83-84, 85, 87 educational status and income, 61 health promotion, 4, 5, 111-121 Hispanics, 3, 61, 63, 65 C religious influences, 9, 33, 35, 39, 50, 71-75 (passim)

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From page 163...

... INDEX 163 cause of death, 18, 19 Complementary medicine, see Alternative educational status, 55 and complementary medicine prevalence by sex, 24 Cultural factors, see Sociocultural factors; prevalence by sex and race, 22 specific racial/ethnic groups quality of health care, 96, 98 women, 24, 96, 101, 113 Cardiovascular disease, 34, 109 D Asians, 52 behavioral risk factors, 61, 64 Definitional issues black persons, 18, 19, 20, 21-22, 52, 64, allostatic load, 88 behavioral risk factors, 65 87-88, 96, 98 cause of death, 18, 19, 20, 84 physiological reactivity, 87, 88 educational status, 55 racial and ethnic groups, 9-11, 13-14, 27, 39-40 genetics and, 52, 87 Hispanics, 52, 96 disease prevalence statistics, 24 prejudice and discrimination, 78, 79, 87- genetics, 46-49, 53 mortality rates, 15 88 psychosocial factors, 3, 71, 72, 74, 84, racial/ethnic identification, 9, 10, 14, 39 86, 87-88, 90 40, 76 racism, prejudice, and discrimination, quality of health care, 96, 98 religious influences, 71, 74 76, 79 stress and, 3, 84, 87-88 research priorities, 33 stress, 82 whites, 52, 64 Causes of death, 2, 18-20, 84 Diabetes, 34 see also Mortality behavioral risk factors, 64 blacks, 22, 96, 101, 118 Census data multiracial self-identification, 10 cause of death, 18, 19 population size, by race, 11 educational status, 55 health promotion, 112 Cerebrovascular disease blacks, 22, 96 Hispanics, 2, 18, 19, 23, 96, 118 cause of death, 18, 19 prevalence by sex and race, 22 quality of health care, 96 educational status, 55 quality of health care, 96 research recommendations, 26 whites, 18, 22, 23 self-care, 101 targeted interventions, 118 Cognitive functioning, 15, 23 see also Alzheimer's disease and Diet and nutrition, 32, 64, 121 dementia; Mental health and see also Obesity genetics and, 49 illness alcohol consumption, 66 Disabilities and disabled persons, 14-15, 20 Hispanics, 23 21 see also Diseases and disorders research recommendations, 26-27 Cohort analysis, 3, 20, 21 personal resources, 73 allostatic load, 88 Discrimination, see Prejudice and discrimination committee recommendations, 4, 6, 27, 108-109, 110 Diseases and disorders, general, 7, 21-25, genetics and environment, 53 32, 34 see also Behavioral risk factors; Causes health promotion, 112, 114 life cycle research, 108-109, 110 of death; Disabilities and disabled prejudice and discrimination, 78, 80-81 persons; Incidence and prevalence; Risk factors; specific selection processes, 40-41 Commonwealth Minority Health Survey, 83 disease categories (e.g., Cardiovascular disease)

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From page 164...

... 164 INDEX Alaska Natives, 20-21, 26, 29 behavioral risk factors, 65 allostatic load, 88 cancer, 24, 96, 101, 113 American Indians, 20-21, 26, 29 cardiovascular disease, 21-22 Asians, 20-21, 23-24, 26 educational attainment, 57 blacks, 20-21, 22-23, 29 health and disability, general, 21 early life disadvantage, 107 health promotion, 96, 101, 113 educational status, 55, 58 income, 55-56 Hispanics, 20-22, 23, 25, 26, 31 socioeconomic status, 55-56 religious influences, 71 specific diseases, prevalence by sex and genetic factors, 49 race, 21-22 psychosocial factors, 86, 90 Genetic factors, 33, 34, 35, 46-53 research recommendations, 4, 25, 26-27, alcohol consumption, 66 90 committee charge/methodology, 8 socioeconomic status, 55, 57 environment-gene interactions, 35 stress, 83 selection processes, 39 whites, 21-22, 25, 29 sociocultural factors and, 47, 50 Drug abuse, see Substance abuse utilization of health care and, 49-50 Geographic factors quality of health care, 3, 5, 98-99 E research recommendations, 5, 102, 103 Economic factors, 7 see also Employment; Health insurance; H Income; Socioeconomic factors access to health care, 92 Handicapped persons, see Disabilities and incentives and disincentives, 115 disabled persons selection processes, 42 Health care, 92-103 Educational attainment, 4, 30, 33, 35, 55- see also Access to health care; Health 57, 58 care professionals; Health multiracial self-identification, 10 insurance; Patient compliance; prejudice and discrimination, 76 Quality of health care; Treatment research recommendations, 27, 60 issues; Utilization of health care self-care practices, 58 self-care practices, 33, 34, 36, 58, 101Employment, 3, 33, 40, 42, 54, 59 102 immigrants, 68 Health care professionals occupational hazards, 50, 82, 83, 91 provider stereotyping, 3, 99-101, 102, 103 prejudice and discrimination, 76, 77 providers, distrust of, 102 stress, 83, 91 research recommendations, 6, 102, 103 Environmental contaminants and Health insurance, 92-95, 97, 102 degradation, 7, 34, 53, 59, 67, 92 Medicaid, 94, 96, 97 behavioral risk factors, 64 Medicare, 93-97 (passim) , 101, 119 early life disadvantage, 107 Health promotion, 4, 5, 111-121 prejudice and discrimination, 34, 76 cohort analysis, 112, 114 targeted interventions, 118 gender factors, 96, 101, 113 Exercise, see Physical exercise research recommendations, 5, 114-115, 120-121 targeted interventions, 117-118, 121 G Heart disease, see Cardiovascular disease Hispanics, 2 Gender factors behavioral risk factors, 3, 62, 63, 65, alcohol consumption, 66 68-69 Alzheimer's disease, 20 causes of death, 18, 19

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From page 165...

... INDEX 165 diabetes, 2, 18, 19, 23, 96, 118 Immunologic factors disease prevalence, 21-22, 23, 25 behavioral risk factors, 64 early life disadvantage, 105 early life disadvantage, 108 educational status, 57 genetics and, 52 health and disability, general, 20-22, 23, psychosocial factors, 86, 88-89 25, 26, 31 Incidence and prevalence, 5 health insurance, 92-94 see also Mortality health promotion, 113, 119 cancer, 22, 24 income, 29, 31 gender factors, 21-22 mortality, 2, 3, 13, 14, 16-19, 25, 27, Hispanics, 21-22, 23, 25 43, 65, 105 mental illness, 20, 23, 24-25 quality of health care, 95-97, 98, 99, respiratory diseases, sex and race, 22, 23 101, 102 Income, 28, 29, 30, 33, 35, 57-58 racial/ethnic identification, 9, 10-11, 13 see also Socioeconomic status research recommendations, 25, 26, 68- gender factors, 55-56 69, 102 research recommendations, 59 respiratory diseases, 23, 96 Indian Health Service, 95 selection processes, 39-40, 41-42, 43 Indians, see American Indians self-care, 101 Individual behavior, 28-29, 33, 111-114 socioeconomic status, 56, 57, 119 see also Behavioral risk factors; stress, 85 Educational attainment; targeted interventions, 118 Psychosocial factors Historical perspectives, 11-12, 28-29, 119 racial/ethnic identification, 9, 10 early health disadvantage, 105 socioeconomic status, 58 prejudice and discrimination, 11-13, 77, Insurance, see Health insurance 80, 84 Interdisciplinary studies, 1, 4, 32, 33, 86 social and economic policy, 119-120 causal processes, 37 HIV committee charge/methodology, 8 cause of death, 20 Interventions, see Health promotion; self-care, 101 Treatment issues Homicide, 20 Hospitals and hospitalization, 96-98, 99, 102-103 L American Indians, 13-14 Latinos, see Hispanics blacks, 96, 97-98, 99 Life cycle factors, 4, 7, 36, 104-110 see also Adolescents I alcohol consumption, 66 behavioral risk factors, 62, 66 Immigrants, 2-3 cohort analysis, 108-109, 110 see also Hispanics early health disadvantage, 17, 104-108, behavioral risk factors, 66 109 historical perspectives, 12-13 health promotion, 114 mortality, 26, 43 mortality rates, age-adjusted, 2, 15, 16, prejudice and discrimination, 78, 81 17, 34, 105 racial/ethnic identification, 10, 11 prejudice and discrimination, 6, 80-81 regulatory measures, 119 research recommendations, 4, 5, 59, research recommendations, 26 108-110 selection processes, 39-40, 41, 42 selection processes, 40-41 slavery, 12 self-rated health status, 21 stress, 84 sexual behavior, 67 whites, 12 socioeconomic status, 55, 56, 59, 60

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From page 166...

... , 101, 119 dementia; Cerebrovascular Men, see Gender factors disease; Psychosocial factors; Mental health and illness, 72, 84-85 Stress see also Alzheimer's disease and early life disadvantage, 106 dementia; Psychosocial factors; neurovisceral factors, 71, 89-90 Stress; Violence research recommendations, 27 disease prevalence statistics, 20, 23, 24-25 Nontraditional medicine, see Alternative early life disadvantage, 106 and complementary medicine educational status, 55 Nutrition, see Diet and nutrition; Obesity prejudice and discrimination, 77 research recommendations, 26-27 sexual behavior, 67 O Metabolic syndrome, 89 Methodology, see Research methodology Obesity, 61, 62, 63, 65-66, 121 immigrants, 66 Mortality, 14-20 see also Causes of death; Life expectancy socioeconomic status, 4 age-adjusted, 2, 15, 16, 17, 34, 105 Office of Management and Budget, 10 Alaska Natives, 17, 26 alcohol consumption, 66 P allostatic load, 88 American Indians, 13, 16, 17, 18, 26 Panel studies, see Cohort analysis Asians, 13, 16-20 (passim) , 27, 65, 105 Patient compliance, 3, 33, 36, 102, 103 blacks, 2, 3, 13-20 (passim)

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From page 167...

... blacks, 25, 27, 68, 102, 120 research recommendations, 5, 6, 33, 74 cognitive functioning, 26-27 75, 90-91 cohort studies, 4, 6, 27, 108-109, 110 treatment, general, 72, 74-75 committee charge/methodology, 2, 8

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From page 168...

... , American Indians, 28, 62, 63, 68, 118 54-60, 119-121 research recommendations, 4, 5, 25, 26- see also Educational attainment; 28 Employment; Income stress, impacts on other risk factors, 83 behavioral risk factors, 35, 58, 62-64, 65, 66, 68 blacks, 56, 57, 83-84, 92-94, 95, 101 S 102, 119, 120 gender factors, 55-56 Selection processes, 4, 5, 38, 39-45 health promotion, 113, 114 reciprocal causation, 35, 38-39, 41-42, Hispanics, 56, 57, 119 44, 54-56, 60 life cycle factors, 55, 56, 59, 60 Self-care practices, 33, 34, 36, 101-102 Medicaid, 94, 96, 97 educational status, 58 Medicare, 93 Self-esteem, 78, 106 mortality rates, 16

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From page 169...

... INDEX 169 prejudice and discrimination, 36, 81 disease prevalence statistics, 24 research recommendations, 4, 5, 59-60, early life disadvantage, 107 119 genetics and, 49-50 selection processes, 42 providers, distrust of, 102 smoking, 3, 62-63, 65 research recommendations, 6, 102, 114 stress, 83, 84 socioeconomic status and, 36 whites, 57, 65 Stress, 3, 36, 82-85 see also Prejudice and discrimination V allostatic load, 88 Violence, 33, 83 blacks, 83-84, 85, 87 cardiovascular disease, 3, 84, 87-88 black neighborhoods, 67 caregivers, elderly, 83 early life disadvantage, 106, 107 homicide, 20 defined, 82 genetics and, 52 Vital statistics, 37 immunologic response, 88-89 physiological reactivity, 87, 88, 90 W prejudice and discrimination, 77-79, 83, 84 White persons, 1, 2 research recommendations, 5, 6, 85 Alzheimer's disease and dementia, 20, socioeconomic status, 83, 84 23 targeted interventions, 118 behavioral risk factors, 62, 63, 65-66, whites, 82, 84 68, 116 Substance abuse, 66 cardiovascular disease, 52, 64 causes of death, 2, 18-20 cerebrovascular disease, 18, 22, 23 T diabetes, 22, 23 Tobacco use, see Smoking disease and conditions, general, 21-22, 25, 29 Treatment issues, 92 see also Access to health care; educational status, 57 Alternative and complementary health and disability, general, 20-21, 29 health insurance, 92-94, 95 medicine; Health care professionals; Health insurance; historical perspectives, immigrants, 12 Health promotion; Hospitals and mortality, 2, 3, 13-20 (passim) , 25, 27, 41, 65 hospitalization; Patient compliance; Utilization of health quality of health care, 95, 97-98, 102 care racial/ethnic identification, 9, 10, 11 religious beliefs, 74 behavioral interventions, 111-114 genetics and, 52-53 research recommendations, 25, 68, 102 health insurance coverage and, 92 self-care, 101 socioeconomic status, 57, 65 psychosocial factors, 72, 74-75 stress, 82, 84 Women, see Gender factors U World Health Organization, 25 Utilization of health care, 8, 33, 36, 62, 92, 93 see also Access to health care; Patient compliance; Self-care practices

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Index Pages 161-170

Index
Pages 161-170