Transmission Pipelines and Land Use A Risk-Informed Approach -- Special Report 281 (2004) / Chapter Skim
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Executive Summary
Executive Summary
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These events have focused more attention on the need to assess carefully and rationally the actual risks associated with living and working in proximity to transmission pipelines and to consider land use controls near pipelines that will allow people and pipelines to coexist in a manner that does not pose undue risk to each other. In December 2002, Congress 1
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In the last 3 years, hazardous liquids pipeline incidents have resulted in an average of 2 deaths, 11 injuries, and $97 million in property damage each year; natural gas transmission pipeline incidents have resulted in an annual average of 6 deaths, 10 injuries, and $20 million in property damage. From 2000 through 2002, the annual average number of gross barrels of hazardous liquids lost was 100,000, a decrease from the annual average of 270,000 gross barrels lost in the 1986 to 1989 time period.
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that could be employed to manage the risks because such measures are primarily the responsibility of state and local governments. The terms "land use" and "land use practices" are normally used to describe policies and practices of local governments that regulate the planning, development, and use of land.
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Some communities that have experienced pipeline incidents are implementing ordinances and other policies to reduce the perceived risks attributable to transmission pipelines, but these proposed ordinances do not appear to be based on a systematic assessment of risks and costs. Although there is a lack of risk-based technical guidance for making land use decisions near transmission pipelines, the committee noted that much can be learned from hazard mitigation management techniques and strategies that have been adopted by state and local governments in other areas.
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Local governments are increasingly faced with issues of land use. It appears beneficial for them to have available an easy-to-apply means for making decisions in a manner that allows flexibility in choosing the level of risk deemed appropriate.
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5. For the most part, state and local governments have not systemati cally considered risk to the public from transmission pipeline inci dents in regulating land use.
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Land use decisions and control of activities and development near transmission pipelines may be undertaken by the pipeline operator, safety regulators, state and local officials, and the property developers and owners. Appropriate land use measures applied by local governments could bolster and complement a pipeline company's efforts to protect the right-of-way and preclude uses that could pose a public safety risk.
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Moreover, the integrity management regulations governing liquids and natural gas pipelines recently promulgated by OPS require private operators to prioritize enhanced riskreduction efforts by using risk assessment. The probability of failure of any transmission pipeline is a function of several distinct but interrelated factors including materials of construction, fabrication, corrosion, effectiveness of pipeline coatings and cathodic protection systems, pressurization, and depth of cover.
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Land use policies relevant to transmission pipelines are made at all levels of government and need to be based on an unbiased, scientific analysis of the risks posed by pipelines to their immediate surroundings. Local governments generally lack the resources and incentives to undertake such an effort on their own.
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In so doing, they should work with other stakeholders. With regard to the specific maintenance issue of clearing rights-of-way to allow for inspection, the federal government should develop guidance about appropriate vegetation and environmental management practices that would provide habitat for some species, avoid threats to pipeline integrity, and allow for aerial inspection.
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