Capturing the Full Power of Biomaterials for Military Medicine Report of a Workshop (2004) / Chapter Skim
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1 Biomaterials and Their Importance to Military Medicine
1 Biomaterials and Their Importance to Military Medicine
Pages 3-9
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permanently implanted devices, such as sensory devices; cardiovascular devices; orthopaedic devices, and dental devices; and (3) temporary implants, such as degradable sutures, implantable drug delivery systems, scaffolds for cell or tissue transplants, temporary vascular grafts and arterial stents, and temporary small bone fixation devices.5 Biomaterials have been used since the first bark bandage was pressed onto a wound.
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The goal of the more than 70 attendees was to plan a way forward for the applications of biomaterials to military medicine. This report is intended to find ways to leapfrog current materials development and implementation processes.
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They include biomaterials design; advanced methods of synthesis, characterization, processing, and fabrication; drug delivery technologies; cell and stem cell technologies; and in vitro and in vivo model development for preclinical performance evaluations. THE STATUS OF BIOMATERIALS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Ongoing advances in our understanding of cell biology and wound healing are creating opportunities for the use of degradable, biocompatible materials in unprecedented ways.
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While biomedical engineers speak about resorbable polymer scaffolds that promote a variety of regenerative therapies, simple copolymers of lactic and glycolic acids remain the most commonly used scaffolding material in all tissue engineering research. Reviews of tissue engineering advocate the use of increasingly complex monomers, monomer combinations, polymer structures, and polymer blends that are meant to facilitate the design, synthesis, and fabrication of novel materials with properties tailored to specific biological needs and clinical applications.
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Over the past decade, many other industries have embraced the technology roadmap concept, leading to a proliferation of roadmap models available for study. Examples include the electricity technology roadmap,12 the national electronics manufacturing series of roadmaps,13 and the many technology roadmaps for energy-intensive industries developed under the auspices of the Department of Energy Office of Industrial Technology.14 The organization of its technology roadmap for the petroleum industry, published in 2000, is a particularly useful model for the construction of a technology roadmap for a complex, multiproduct industry.
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The technology development roadmap elements detailed in Figure 1.1 describe the first step in enabling the military to modify and enhance its existing research and development programs in order to take best advantage of academicbased and corporate advances in biomaterials technology. Needs-driven Product Definition Process Industry Research Faculty Military Medical Develop and license and Needs developed technology Military Advisers and Researchers Potential long-term outcome Example Technologies Skin penetration control · Stem cells for neuronal repair Stem cells for bone regeneration · Scaffolds for bone regeneration Technology-driven Development Process Industry Technology Research Faculty Military Medical assets, suitable Needs for modification to fulfill military needs Military Advisers and Researchers Example Products Spray hydrogel wound dressing · Corplex wound care products Analgesic drug-polymer product · Collagen-based nerve conduit FIGURE 1.1 Schematic of the differences between a needs-driven process and a technology-driven process.
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in terms of delivery systems for vaccines and drugs; and · Relevant to the Medical Chemical and Biological Defense Research Program15 in terms of products to enhance a medical defensive posture, such as protective clothing or sprayable films based on biomaterials and delivery systems for vaccines and drugs against biological threat weapons. 15Formerly RAD4, now overseen by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency.
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