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3 Nutrient Intake of WIC-Eligible Populations
Pages 27-52

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From page 27...
... To date, no published studies have reported such analyses. As a result, the Committee conducted analyses applying the DRIs and the recommended methods to assess the nutrient adequacy of the diets of WIC-income-eligible subgroups -- infants under age one year, children 1 through 4 years of age, adolescent women 14 through 18 years of age, and adult women 19 through 44 years of age -- all from households with incomes in the range to be eligible for the WIC program (WIC-income-eligible subgroups)
From page 28...
... of apparently healthy people who are maintaining a defined nutritional state or criterion of adequacy.1 · Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) : Many nutrients have a UL, which is the highest average daily nutrient intake level that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the specified life stage and gender group.
From page 29...
... ) ; ND = not determined, UL not determined due to lack of data of adverse effects; UL = Tolerable Upper Intake Level.
From page 30...
... The WIC Program, in general, and WIC food packages, specifically, should encourage participants to follow these general recommendations. Using the DRI for Other Dietary Components In addition to micronutrients and macronutrients, other dietary components have DRIs relevant to the this analysis of the dietary intakes of the WIC-eligible population.
From page 31...
... The EAR cut-point method involves estimating the proportion of individuals in a group whose usual nutrient intakes are less than the EAR. It has been shown that, under certain assumptions, the proportion with usual intakes less than the EAR is an estimate of the proportion of a group whose usual intakes do not meet requirements (Beaton, 1994; Carriquiry, 1999; IOM, 2000a)
From page 32...
... . The probability approach takes account of both the distribution of requirements and the distribution of usual intakes in estimating the prevalence of dietary iron inadequacy in a group (NRC, 1986; IOM, 2001)
From page 33...
... Data Set The primary data sets used in these analyses are the 1994-1996 and 1998 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII)
From page 34...
... . Dietary intake data were collected from 5,559 infants and children aged 0 through 9 years over two non-consecutive days between November 1997 and October 1998.
From page 35...
... There is substantial variability in the selenium content of any given food product. Food composition tables are based on average content of items from various sources; thus evaluation of dietary intakes in of selenium is inherently inaccurate.
From page 36...
... . To the extent that lower reported food energy intakes are related to lower nutrient intake levels, the prevalence of inadequacy is overestimated for subgroups that exhibit underreporting.
From page 37...
... that used a different data set and found that mean (or median) intakes exceeded the AI for infants 3 through 6 months and 7 through 11 months of age (breastfed and non-breastfed infants combined)
From page 38...
... nts,a AIs 11h EAR Inf < som11 anth 5%4.
From page 39...
... . The analysis sample from the CSFII data set included only respondents living in households with income less than or equal to 185 percent of the federal poverty threshold.
From page 40...
... In fact, the 90th percentile of usual fiber and potassium intakes were below the AI, suggesting that intakes of these two dietary components may be inadequate. As with infants, reported food energy intakes of children 1 through 4 years of age exceeded the EER (Table 3-6)
From page 41...
... a y EAR % ssle < 1-4 1.0% 0.1% 0.7% 0.7% 0.2% 55.4 0.0% 0.0% % eskatin chaor The lessem app coin -Eligiblee keatnI y4 4 withe 4.1 22 6.0 15 04 a 110 275 0.50 tag sup 20, C-IncomI EAR y rcenep ilitybaborpeht ars.ey8hguorht4 .,.g(esntemelp )
From page 42...
... . The analysis sample from the CSFII data set included only respondents living in households with income less than or equal to 185 percent of the federal poverty threshold.
From page 43...
... The magnitude of this difference would imply a weight loss that has not been observed among low-income women, suggesting underreporting of food energy intakes by adult women. Results on the percentage of food energy from fat, protein, carbohydrate, and added sugars suggested that many adolescent females and almost a third of women 19 through 44 years of age had usual fat intakes outside the AMDR and had intakes of added sugars above 25 percent 14 As noted earlier in this chapter, due to limitations in the data set required for analysis of inadequacy of iron intakes using the probability approach, the percentage of inadequacy of iron intakes was not estimated for pregnant and lactating women.
From page 44...
... a b b b b b ne RAE y %.1 %.9 %.0 %.9 11 20 10 21 8%5.
From page 46...
... . The analysis sample from the CSFII data set included only respondents living in households with income less than or equal to 185 percent of the federal poverty threshold.
From page 47...
... It is noteworthy that the data set used for these analyses did not include dietary sodium added in the form of table salt. · High proportions of non-breastfed infants and small proportions of children ages 1 through 4 years had estimated usual intakes exceeding the UL for zinc and preformed vitamin A
From page 48...
... The results indicate inadequate intakes of key micronutrients; reported food energy intakes that differ from EERs; too high a percentage of food energy from fat; a low percentage of food energy from carbohydrate; inadequate intakes of potassium and fiber; and excessive intakes of sodium. Low-income infants and young children
From page 49...
... Although the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity among children was consistent with an excess of food energy intakes over requirements, the magnitude of the difference between mean intake and mean EER suggested that parents or caregivers over-report food intakes of children. To the extent that caregivers over-report the food intakes of children, the rates of inadequate nutrient intakes in this report are underestimates (Devaney et al., 2004)
From page 50...
... Preformed vitamin A is used in infant formula and is also used as a fortificant in foods that are commonly consumed by children (e.g., milk) .The finding that a considerable proportion of low-income non-breastfed infants and children had reported zinc and preformed vitamin A intakes that exceeded the UL reinforces the need to avoid unwarranted fortification and supplementation.
From page 51...
... NUTRIENT INTAKE OF WIC-ELIGIBLE POPULATIONS 3-25 Nutrients with lower levels of inadequacy are iron, zinc, and protein. Sodium intakes and fat intakes as a percentage of food energy intakes are excessive in the diets of low-income women of reproductive age.
From page 52...
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