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4 Food Intake of WIC-Eligible Populations
Pages 53-64

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From page 53...
... DIETARY INTAKES OF CHILDREN AGES 2 THROUGH 4 YEARS AND OF WOMEN Methods of Assessing Intake Comparison of Intakes with Food Guide Pyramid Servings The most widely used methods to compare food intake with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (Box 4-1)
From page 54...
... A person who consumes foods from each of the major food groups in the amounts recommended based on his or her food energy intake is expected to achieve recommended nutrient intake levels without requiring highly fortified food. That person also would meet the 2000 Dietary Guidelines related to the intake of grains and fruits and vegetables.
From page 55...
... to food intake data obtained from diet recalls or diet records. The resulting analyses produce data on the percentages of persons consuming a specified number of servings from one or more food groups.
From page 56...
... However, using the Food Guide Pyramid servings methods described above (and in more detail by Cleveland and colleagues, 1997) , the Food Surveys Research Group, ARS, USDA, has published Pyramid Servings Data (FSRG, 1999a, 1999b)
From page 57...
... b Intakes include small amounts of miscellaneous dairy products, such as whey and nonfat sour cream, that are not included in the subgroups milk, yogurt, and cheese. c Intakes exclude cooked dry beans and peas that were tabulated as vegetables.
From page 58...
... . Children Ages 2 through 4 Years Mean Servings Compared with Minimum Pyramid Servings Recommendations For young children, Table 4-1 shows that the mean number of servings reported is smaller than the recommended minimum number of servings for the vegetable, fruit, dairy, and meat and meat alternatives groups.
From page 59...
... Women in the Childbearing Years Mean Servings Compared with Minimum Pyramid Servings Recommendations For women, Table 4-1 shows that the mean number of servings reported is smaller than the recommended minimum number of servings for all five food groups. For the 12- through 19year-old females, reported mean intake of grains is slightly higher than the recommended minimum.
From page 60...
... , but both means exceed the suggested maximum, which ranges from 8 to 12 teaspoons. Percentages Meeting Minimum Pyramid Servings Recommendations Once again, the data need to be examined with respect to the percentages of women meeting Food Guide Pyramid recommendations.
From page 61...
... FOOD INTAKE OF WIC ELIGIBLE POPULATIONS 4-9 TABLE 4-3 Dietary Guidance for Infants and Children Under the Age of Two Years Dietary Guidance Source Breastfeeding is the preferred method of infant feeding becauseof AAP, 2004 the nutritional value and health benefits of human milk Increase breastfeeding rates; targets in U.S. general population are DHHS, 2000b 75% breastfeeding in early postpartum, 50% at 6 months, 25% at 12 months Encourage breastfeeding with exclusion of other foods for first 4 to AAP, 2004 6 months Continue breastfeeding for first year of life AAP, 2004 Continue breastfeeding into second year of life if mutually desired AAP, 1997; Kleinman, 2000; by the motherand child AAP, 2001b; AAP, 2004 For infants who are not currently breastfeeding, use infant formula Kleinman, 2000; AAP, 2004 throughout the first year of life Infant formula used during the first year of life should be iron- AAP, 1997; AAP, 2001b; fortified AAP, 2004 Infants with specific medical conditions may require medical AAP, 2001b formula and this should be readily available through programs such as the WIC program Introduce solid foods at 4 to 6 months of age AAP, 2004 Fruit juice may be introduced at 6 months of age; avoid introducing Kleinman, 2000; AAP, juice before 6 months of age 2001a; AAP, 2004 Limit intake of fruit juice to 8 oz per day for children ages 6 to AAP, 1997; Kleinman, 2000; 12 months AAP, 2001a Introduce single-ingredient complementary foods, one at a time for AAP, 2004 a several day trial Introduce iron-rich solid foods at 6 to 12 months of age AAP, 2004 Delay introduction of cow's milk until the second year of life AAP, 1992; AAP, 2004 Cow's milk fed during the second year of like should be whole AAP, 1992 milk Avoid feeding of hard, small particulate foods during first 2 to 3 Kleinman, 2000; AAP, 2004 years of life due to choking hazard Limit intake of fruit juice to 4 to 6 oz per day for children ages 1 to AAP, 2001a; AAP, 2004 6 years Encourage children to eat whole fruits to meet their recommended AAP, 2001a; AAP, 2004 daily fruit intake WIC food prescriptions should be nutritionally and culturally AAP, 2001b; AAP, 2004 appropriate Provide children with repeated exposure to new foods to optimize ADA, 1999; AAP, 2004 acceptance and encourage development of eating habits that promote selection of a varied diet Promotion of healthy eating should begin early in life ADA, 1999; AAP, 2004
From page 62...
... . These low breastfeeding rates are of concern because of the many short- and long-term health benefits of breastfeeding.1 Breastfeeding promotion efforts in the WIC setting have been able to increase initiation rates, but sustained effects on the duration of breastfeeding -- particularly exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months -- have been much more difficult to achieve (Ahluwalia et al., 2000)
From page 63...
... Intakes of added sugars were higher than those suggested by the Pyramid. The Committee may need to consider both the added sugars content and the fat content of the food packages (based on the findings from Chapter 3)
From page 64...
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