Measuring Research and Development Expenditures in the U.S. Economy (2005) / Chapter Skim
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4 Measuring Innovation in Business and Industry
4 Measuring Innovation in Business and Industry
Pages 91-101
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From page 91... ...
Innovation measures must cover five activities: the introduction to the market of new products; the development of new processes to produce, or deliver, products for the market; the development of new markets; the finding of new sources of supply of raw materials; and changes in the organization of firms. Introducing new products to the market has implications for economic growth, and new processes provide opportunities for improvements in productivity, quality, or other desired objectives, such as reduced environmental emissions or a happier labor force.
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From page 92... ...
If this perceived shortfall in productivity attributed to a relative lack of innovation is the driving force for interest in innovation studies abroad, is there a similar rationale for the gathering of information on innovation by NSF in the United States? Although interest in systematic innovation measurement has been less intense in the United States, it is widely recognized that innovation information is valuable for offering insights about best practices and where they can be applied with greatest effect.
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From page 93... ...
Hansen and Hill (Hill et al., 1982, 1983) led this work in the United States in the 1980s.
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From page 96... ...
. The Carnegie Mellon survey built on but went well beyond the Yale I survey by collecting measures on the source and channels of knowledge affecting industrial Rc~icD, the regional sources of that knowledge, a large number of measures of RED activity, the patenting behavior of firms, the actual uses of patents, the intensity of technological rivalry, the impacts of public research on industrial RED, the actual uses of patents, the management of innovation in the firm, and RED performance.
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From page 97... ...
. The survey collected data on the goals of innovation, external sources of knowledge, methods to protect intellectual property, and legal or regulatory impediments to innovation.
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From page 98... ...
Within each dimension there are a number of proposed characteristics, and within each characteristic are potential statistical indicators that provide quantitative measures of that characteristic. For instance, one proposed characteristic of the context dimension is social and cultural factors; indicators for this characteristic might include the age structure of the population, the income level and distribution of the population, and participation in community activities (Australia Bureau of Statistics, 2002)
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From page 99... ...
During the 1970s, the program supported research on the impact of industrial management practices and government policies on industrial innovation. Another period of interest began in the 1970s, in response to concern that the United States was losing its technological edge, that there was little productivity growth, that government regulations were slowing innovation, and that industry was not doing enough basic research.
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From page 100... ...
. They are measured successfully in other countries, and, except for survey management issues here in the United States, have been shown to produce potentially useful measures of U.S.
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From page 101... ...
After the analytical capacity has developed in SRS and its network of experts has been established, the SRS may wish to propose, based on its findings, a more comprehensive set of measures of technological change comparable to those that now exist for research and development. The panel recommends that resources be provided to SRS to build an internal capacity to resolve the methodological issues related to collecting innovation-related data.
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