Marine Mammal Populations and Ocean Noise Determining When Noise Causes Biologically Significant Effects (2005) / Chapter Skim
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2 Current State of Knowledge of Behavioral and Physiological Effects of Noise on Marine Mammals
2 Current State of Knowledge of Behavioral and Physiological Effects of Noise on Marine Mammals
Pages 23-34
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From page 23... ...
They reported fewer gray whales sighted after a saltworks started dredging and shipping in the lagoon. Gray whales apparently abandoned the lagoon during this activity, and took several years to start using the lagoon again after the saltworks ceased operating.
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From page 24... ...
replicated the earlier experiments of Malme and colleagues by using Surveillance Towed Array Sensor System-Low Frequency Active (SURTASS-LFA) sonar sounds transmitted for 42 sec every 6 min and found that course deflection occurred when the received levels were about 140 dB rms re 1 µPa.
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From page 25... ...
For example, Tyack and Clark (1998) report that the avoidance reaction found when the SURTASS-LFA sound source was placed in the middle of the migration path apparently disappeared when the sound source was placed just offshore of the main migration path, even if the whales passed close to the source.
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From page 26... ...
and beluga whales during TTS experiments. The behavioral reactions involved avoidance of the source, refusal of participation in the test, aggressive threats, or attacks on the equipment.
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From page 27... ...
avoided exposure to high-frequency pingers with source levels of 103-117 dB rms re 1 µPa at 1m and received levels of 78-90 dB rms re 1 µPa. When exposed to a source with a level of 158 dB rms re 1 µPa at 1m, the porpoise swam as far away as possible in the enclosure and made shallow rapid dives.
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From page 28... ...
reported that a captive elephant seal not only did not habituate but was sensitized to a broadband pulsed stimulus somewhat similar to killer whale echolocation clicks even though nothing dangerous or aversive was associated with the noise. The low sound levels that stimulate intense responses of Arctic beluga whales (Frost et al., 1984; LGL and Greeneridge, 1986; Cosens and Dueck, 1988)
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From page 29... ...
Even in the absence of a strong response, low received levels of sound can affect a large fraction of a population if the sound results in a masking of normal stimuli. Marine mammals show exquisite adaptations to overcome masking, but they may not be effective in the presence of pervasive anthropogenic sounds (reviewed in NRC, 2003b; Wartzok et al., 2004)
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From page 30... ...
. Researchers at Long Marine Laboratory used continuous random noise of 1-octave bandwidth as the fatiguing stimulus and a behavioral technique to measure TTS in the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina)
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From page 31... ...
. The fatiguing stimulus had a variable duration of about 1 ms, peak pressure of 160 kPa, a sound pressure of 226 dB peak-to-peak re 1 µPa at 1m, and an energy flux density of 186 dB re 1 µPa2s, which produced a TTS of 7 and 6 dB at 0.4 and 30 kHz respectively in beluga whales but not at the other tested frequency of 4 kHz.
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From page 32... ...
Apparently, the tissue and other mass surrounding the lungs dampen the susceptibility of the lungs and probably other structures to resonate intensely. Although other gas-filled structures will resonate at different frequencies, the probable low Q values, as in Finneran's study, suggest that resonance of air spaces is not likely to lead to detrimental physiological effects on marine mammals.
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From page 33... ...
-- presented at a recent workshop (Marine Mammal Commission, 2004) indicate that these animals have long deep dives followed by a short surfacing and than a series of shallow dives primarily within the region in which gas exchange occurs in the lung.
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From page 34... ...
For example, the 1994 and 2000 reports recommended experiments to determine acoustic exposures that would lead to temporary shifts in the threshold of hearing of marine mammals. In the last decade, several laboratories have succeeded in conducting the experiments; as a result, the uncertainty involved in modeling the noise exposures that start to cause physiological effects on hearing has been reduced.
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