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10 Nitrogen Dioxide
Pages 223-251

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From page 223... ... , 24-h, and 90-day exposure guidance levels for NO2. The subcommittee's recommendations for NO2 exposure levels are provided at the conclusion of this chapter along with a discussion of the adequacy of the data for defining those levels and research needed to fill the remaining data gaps. Read the entire page →
From page 224... ... 224 EEGLs and CEGLs for Selected Submarine Contaminants TABLE 10-1 Physical and Chemical Data on Nitrogen Dioxidea Synonyms -- CAS registry number 10102-44-0 Molecular formula NO2 Molecular weight 46.01 Boiling point 21.15°C ! 9.3°C Melting point Flash point -- Explosive limits -- Specific gravity 1.448 at 20°C/4°C (liquid) Read the entire page →
From page 225... ... Pulmonary edema is the hallmark of severe NO2 toxicosis. Death results from bronchospasm or pulmonary edema. Read the entire page →
From page 226... ... . An accidental acute exposure of hockey players and spectators to NO2 from a malfunctioning motor on an ice resurfacer resulted in onset of cough, hemoptysis, or dyspnea during or within 48 h of the exposure (Hedberg et al. Read the entire page →
From page 227... ... 227 Nitrogen Dioxide Biochemical effects have also been noted in healthy adults exposed to NO2. Exposures at 1-4 ppm for 3-4 h have caused (1) Read the entire page →
From page 228... ... An acetylene-torch welder developed shortness of breath and chest discomfort while welding for about 30 min in a confined space. Eighteen hours after the incident, chest X-rays revealed pulmonary edema. Read the entire page →
From page 229... ... . Histopathology revealed pulmonary edema and an increased incidence of chronic murine pneumonia. Read the entire page →
From page 230... ... 230 EEGLs and CEGLs for Selected Submarine Contaminants and interstitial edema, bronchiolitis, bronchiolar epithelial cell hyperplasia, and loss of cilia 1-3 days following exposure at 26 ppm for 24 h (Schnizlein et al. 1980; Hillam et al. Read the entire page →
From page 231... ... . However, when the exposure concentration was increased to 15 ppm for the same duration, no further affect on alveolar macrophage phagocytosis was noted. Read the entire page →
From page 232... ... 232 EEGLs and CEGLs for Selected Submarine Contaminants squirrel monkey, or rat) continuously exposed to NO2 at 0.53 ppm for 90 days (Steadman et al. Read the entire page →
From page 233... ... Studies with negative results for emphysema from exposures to NO2 ranged from 0.5 to 30 ppm with intermittent or continuous exposures from 12-25 months to mongrel dogs, mice, rats, rabbits, hamsters, and guinea pigs (Wagner et al. 1965; Freeman et al. Read the entire page →
From page 234... ... 234 EEGLs and CEGLs for Selected Submarine Contaminants Immunotoxicity Several studies have investigated the effects of NO2 on the immune system and on host resistance to infectious agents. Mice exposed to NO2 at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 10 ppm continuously for 15 days to 12 months exhibited increased mortality when challenged with Streptococcus species (Ehrlich et al. Read the entire page →
From page 235... ... . The peroxide products formed disrupt cellular membranes that are essential for maintaining cellular integrity and function, and they probably account for the epithelial damage to the lungs and the pulmonary edema (EPA 1995) Read the entire page →
From page 236... ... . Acute exposures to high concentrations of NO2 can result in immediate death, delayed symptoms with pulmonary edema within 48 h, or apparent recovery followed by chronic pulmonary disease of varying severity (NIOSH 1976; NRC 1977) Read the entire page →
From page 237... ... 1 NRC 1985 SPEGL (24 h) 0.04 a The comparability of EEGLs and CEGLs with occupational and public health standards or guidance levels is discussed in Chapter 1, section "Comparison to Other Regulatory Standards or Guidance Levels." Abbreviations: ACGIH, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists; AEGL, acute exposure guideline level; h, hour; NAC, National Advisory Committee; NIOSH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; NRC, National Research Council; OSHA, Occupational Safety and Health Administration; PEL, permissible exposure limit; ppm, parts per million; REL, recommended exposure limit; SEAL, submarine escape action level; SPEGL, short-term public emergency exposure guidance level; STEL, short-term exposure limit; TLV, Threshold Limit Value; TWA, time-weighted average. Read the entire page →
From page 238... ... U.S. Navy Values Exposure Level Current Pro posed NRC Recommended Values EEGL 1h 1 3 10 24 h 1 1 2 CEGL 90 days 0.5 0.5 0.7 Abbreviations: CEGL, continuous exposure guidance level; EEGL, emergency exposure guidance level; h, hour; NRC, National Research Council; ppm, parts per million. Read the entire page →
From page 239... ... Continuous exposure at 5 ppm for 2 months in squirrel monkeys did not affect minute respiratory volume, but depressed tidal volume, producing a compensatory increase in respiratory rate (Henry et al. Read the entire page →
From page 240... ... 2002. TLVs and BEIs: Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices-2002. Read the entire page →
From page 241... ... Presentation at the First Meeting on Emergency and Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Submarine Contaminants, January 23, 2003, Washington, DC. Damji, K.S., and A Read the entire page →
From page 242... ... 2004. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) Read the entire page →
From page 243... ... 1966. Effects of continuous exposure of 0.8 ppm NO2 on respiration of rats. Read the entire page →
From page 244... ... 1983. Pulmonary effects of intermittent subacute exposure to low-level nitrogen dioxide. Read the entire page →
From page 245... ... 1970. Pulmonary changes in animals exposed to nitrogen dioxide, effects of acute exposures. Read the entire page →
From page 246... ... 1985. Controlled exposure of volunteers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to nitrogen dioxide. Read the entire page →
From page 247... ... 2003. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) Read the entire page →
From page 248... ... Pp. 83-95 in Emergency and Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Airborne Contaminants, Vol. Read the entire page →
From page 249... ... 249 Nitrogen Dioxide with allergic airways responses to allergic challenges in BALB/C mice. Mediators Inflamm. Read the entire page →
From page 250... ... 1980. Effect of lung damage by acute exposure to nitrogen dioxide on lung immunity in the rat. Read the entire page →
From page 251... ... 1965. Experimental study of threshold limit of NO2. Read the entire page →

From page 223...

... , 24-h, and 90-day exposure guidance levels for NO2. The subcommittee's recommendations for NO2 exposure levels are provided at the conclusion of this chapter along with a discussion of the adequacy of the data for defining those levels and research needed to fill the remaining data gaps.

10 Nitrogen Dioxide Pages 223-251

10 Nitrogen Dioxide
Pages 223-251