Emergency and Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Submarine Contaminants Volume 1 (2007) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
2 Acrolein
2 Acrolein
Pages 23-45
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 23... ...
, 24-h, and 90-day exposure guidance levels for acrolein. The subcommittee's recommendations for acrolein exposure levels are provided at the conclusion of this chapter along with a discussion of the adequacy of the data for defining those levels and the research needed to fill the remaining data gaps.
|
From page 24... ...
In smoky indoor environments, acrolein concentrations have been reported to range from 1 to 120 ppb (IARC 1995)
|
From page 25... ...
The adverse health effects of acrolein exposures are defined by the chemical's cytotoxicity at the site of initial contact. Acrolein is a potent lacrimator and respiratory tract irritant.
|
From page 26... ...
(1966) described the onset of fever, coughing, dyspnea, cyanosis, and acute pulmonary edema with foamy expectoration in a 39-year-old male worker who was accidentally exposed to acrolein vapor.
|
From page 27... ...
Complaints of throat irritation increased at acrolein concentrations of 0.43 ppm or more. Thus, the eyes were most sensitive to airborne acrolein exposure.
|
From page 28... ...
. Although acrolein is a less potent respiratory tract irritant in rats than in mice, similar reductions in the respiratory rates of rats were evident after exposures at 6 ppm (Babiuk et al.
|
From page 29... ...
The authors considered the reductions to be reflections of acrolein-induced damage to sensory nerve fibers, in contrast to autonomic nerve fibers, because CGRP and substance P are the primary neuropeptides found in the sensory nerves of the rodent respiratory tract. When male Sprague-Dawley rats inhaled 0.2 or 0.6 ppm acrolein for 6 h, there was a prompt increase in respiratory tract epithelial cell proliferation (Roemer et al.
|
From page 30... ...
Pretreatment with either leukotriene antagonists or 5-lipooxygenase activity inhibitors reduced the hyperresponsive acetylcholine response induced by inhaled acrolein. Because of the increased sensitivity of guinea pigs to irritant gases compared with other rodent models, these data might suggest that asthmatic individuals would be more sensitive to inhaled acrolein (Leikauf 2002)
|
From page 31... ...
Rats and guinea pigs exposed to 1.0 ppm and greater displayed focal liver necrosis, and the guinea pigs developed pulmonary inflammation at concentrations at or above 1.0 ppm. Chronic Toxicity When groups of Syrian golden hamsters (18 per gender)
|
From page 32... ...
found a concentration-dependent increase in Staphylococcus aureus survival in Swiss mice that inhaled acrolein at 3.0 or 6.0 ppm for 8 h. When male rats inhaled acrolein at 0, 0.1, 1.0, or 3.0 ppm for 6 h per day, 5 days per week for 3 weeks, no significant changes were observed in the responses of pulmonary or spleen lymph node cells to T-cell mitogen or B-cell mitogen, and no significant changes were observed in resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection (Leach et al.
|
From page 33... ...
. Acrolein induced DNA-protein cross-links and was clastogenic in cultured human lymphoma cells when administered at near cytotoxic concentrations (Costa et al.
|
From page 34... ...
. The respiratory tract retention of very high concentrations of inhaled acrolein (>170 ppm)
|
From page 35... ...
. INHALATION EXPOSURE LEVELS FROM THE NRC AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS A number of organizations have established or proposed inhalation exposure limits or guidelines for acrolein.
|
From page 36... ...
The 2004 NRC subcommittee provides a qualitative description of uncertainties and identifies data gaps in the final section of this profile rather than qualifying a recommendation with terms, such as "tentative." Abbreviations: ACGIH, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists; AEGL, acute exposure guideline level; ATSDR, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; CEGL, continuous exposure guidance level; EEGL, emergency exposure guidance level; h, hour; MRL, minimal risk level; NAC, National Advisory Committee; NASA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration; NIOSH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; NRC, National Research Council; OSHA, Occupational Safety and Health Administration; PEL, permissible exposure limit; ppm, parts per million; REL, recommended exposure limit; SMAC, spacecraft maximum allowable concentration; STEL, short-term exposure limit; TLV, Threshold Limit Value; TWA, time-weighted average.
|
From page 37... ...
NRC Recommended Exposure Level Current Proposed Values (ppm) EEGL 1h 0.05 0.07 0.1 24 h 0.01 0.03 0.1 CEGL 90 days 0.01 0.01 0.02 Abbreviations: CEGL, continuous exposure guidance levels; EEGL, emergency exposure guidance level; h, hour; NRC, National Research Council; ppm, parts per million.
|
From page 38... ...
Subchronic wholebody inhalation studies in rodents, rabbits, dogs, and nonhuman primates demonstrated excessive salivation, ocular and nasal irritation, nasal inflammation, nasal or tracheal squamous metaplasia, basal cell hyperplasia, and acute pulmonary congestion (Lyon et al. 1970; Feron et al.
|
From page 39... ...
Derivation of quantitative environmental and occupational exposure limits for sensory irritants is fraught with difficulty, because the reports of ocular and respiratory tract irritation experienced are considered by some to be subjective. That view can lead to points of considerable contention (Paustenbach 2001)
|
From page 40... ...
1984. Respiratory tract lesions induced by sensory irritants at the RD50 concentra tion.
|
From page 41... ...
Presentation at the First Meeting on Emergency and Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Submarine Contaminants, January 23, 2003, Washington, DC. Dalton, P
|
From page 42... ...
1989a. Bronchial responsiveness and inflammation in guinea pigs exposed to acrolein.
|
From page 43... ...
Pp. 27-34 in Emergency and Continuous Exposure Limits for Selected Airborne Contaminants, Vol.
|
From page 44... ...
1990. Acrolein depletes the neuropeptides CGRP and sub stance P in sensory nerves in rat respiratory tract.
|
From page 45... ...
45 Acrolein Environ. Health 40(2)
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.