Emergency and Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Submarine Contaminants Volume 1 (2007) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
11 Oxygen
11 Oxygen
Pages 252-278
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 252... ...
The subcommittee considered all of that information in its evaluation of the Navy's current and proposed 1-hour (h) , 24-h, and 90-day guidance levels for oxygen.
|
From page 253... ...
. See Box 11-1 for descriptions of terms related to gas pressures and oxygen physiology.
|
From page 254... ...
: The percent of oxygen in the inspired gas. Terms related to the partial pressure of oxygen within different sites of the respiratory tract Partial pressure of inspired oxygen (PiO2)
|
From page 255... ...
255 Oxygen Oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SaO2) : The percentage of all the available heme binding sites saturated with oxygen is the hemoglobin oxygen saturation or the SaO2.
|
From page 256... ...
256 EEGLs and CEGLs for Selected Submarine Contaminants Hypoxia may be defined as "any state in which the oxygen in the lung, blood and/or tissues is abnormally low compared with that of normal resting man breathing air at sea level" (Bartels et al.
|
From page 257... ...
257 Oxygen TABLE 11-2 Arterial Blood Gas Values Associated with Different Altitudes Barometric Partial Pressure of Arterial Arterial oxygen Pressure Inspired Oxygen Oxygen Saturation Altitude (m)
|
From page 258... ...
258 EEGLs and CEGLs for Selected Submarine Contaminants and additional modifications to striatal muscle metabolism (Hochachka et al. 1999; Moore 2000)
|
From page 259... ...
259 Oxygen following exposures to the equivalent of 4,700 m, suggesting that even relatively small changes in altitude can have a dramatic effect on symptom reporting and performance. Shukitt and Banderet (1988)
|
From page 260... ...
260 EEGLs and CEGLs for Selected Submarine Contaminants elevations below 2,440 m (Raymond 2003)
|
From page 261... ...
261 Oxygen altitude environment (five of nine subjects developed AMS) than in the normobaric hypoxic environment (two of nine subjects developed AMS)
|
From page 262... ...
262 EEGLs and CEGLs for Selected Submarine Contaminants associated with increased production of erythropoietin and stimulation of erythropoiesis within 2 to 5 days of initial exposure. Increased erythropoietin production and concomitant increases in red blood cell production also were observed by Rodriguez et al.
|
From page 263... ...
Prolonged (10-day) continuous exposures to moderately hypoxic conditions (PO2 = 105 mmHg)
|
From page 264... ...
Schellart and Reits (2001) demonstrated that acute exposures of healthy volunteers (18-52 years of age, n = 14)
|
From page 265... ...
265 Oxygen baric hypoxic conditions resulted in increased blood flow velocity. Huang et al.
|
From page 266... ...
266 EEGLs and CEGLs for Selected Submarine Contaminants Effects in Animals Because hypoxia has been well studied in humans, the subcommittee's review of the experimental animal literature focused on less-studied clinical end points, including histologic changes in organs following acute to chronic hypoxia. The other literature cited further describes the effects of severe hypoxia.
|
From page 267... ...
267 Oxygen Reproductive Toxicity in Males Hypoxia is hypothesized to reduce fertility (Vitzthum and Wiley 2003) ; however, few studies have been conducted to confirm that hypothesis.
|
From page 268... ...
268 EEGLs and CEGLs for Selected Submarine Contaminants Carcinogenicity No data could be found indicating that hypoxia results in carcinogenicity. Airline pilots reportedly exhibit increased mortality due to cancer of the kidneys and renal pelvis (Nicholas et al.
|
From page 269... ...
269 Oxygen curve is a result of the cooperative binding of oxygen to the four polypeptide chains. Thus, hemoglobin is most attracted to oxygen when three of the four polypeptide chains are bound to oxygen.
|
From page 270... ...
Navy Values NRC Recommended Exposure Level Maximum Minimum Minimum Values EEGL 1h 220 130 105 24 h 160 130 127 CEGL 90 days 160 130 140 Abbreviations: CEGL, continuous exposure guidance level; EEGL, emergency exposure guidance level, h, hour; mmHg, millimeters of mercury; NRC, National Research Council. increased plasma lactate and ammonia concentrations (Knight et al.
|
From page 271... ...
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standard for workers in oxygendeficient atmospheres requires air to be at least 19.5% oxygen.
|
From page 272... ...
272 EEGLs and CEGLs for Selected Submarine Contaminants other symptoms that might be associated with the mild hypoxic environment often encountered on board submarines. REFERENCES Aguirre, J.I., N.W.
|
From page 273... ...
Pp. 643-644 in The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 9th Ed.
|
From page 274... ...
2000b. Effects of acute exposure to mild or moderate hypoxia on human psychomotor perfor mance and visual-reaction time.
|
From page 275... ...
Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Linde, L., C
|
From page 276... ...
276 EEGLs and CEGLs for Selected Submarine Contaminants L Palacios, and G
|
From page 277... ...
277 Oxygen populations exposed to chronic hypoxia.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.