Biographical Memoirs Volume 85 (2004) / Chapter Skim
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D. Bernard Amos
D. Bernard Amos
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Biographical Memoirs VOLUME 85
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Discoveries of Gorer and Amos of the serology of the H-2 genetic system of murine histocompatibility and the subsequent discovery in both mouse and human (HLA system) that the transplantation antigens are controlled by closely linked loci with polymorphic alleles were fundamental in the development of clinical transplantation and the understanding of the genetics of the immune response.
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From 1955 to 1962 he was appointed a senior research scientist at Roswell Park Memorial Hospital in New York state. During that time three more children -- Chris, Nigel, and Renee -- were born.
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One of his many contributions demonstrated the use of lymphocytes for typing the MHC antigens to match donors and recipients for organ transplantation. As a matter of fact, the first kidney transplant between a recipient and a living related donor who was selected on the basis of MHC matching was performed at Duke University Medical Center in 1965, resulting from his fundamental research (1965,1)
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.1 During the late 1960s skin grafts were used to match donor and recipients for kidney transplantation together with serological results; two HLA identical pairs rejecting each other's skins several days later than haploidentical (half identical) or HLA different siblings.
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With Fritz Bach he discovered MHC-controlled reactivity, using the mixed leukocyte reaction, later used as a tool for matching in organ and bone marrow transplantation; HLA identity resulted in the lack of MLC reactivity. Since skin grafting and serotyping were well advanced at Duke and mixed lymphocyte culture reactions and access to large families were available at the University of Wisconsin, the two schools had a productive collaboration that resulted in the demonstration that HLA controlled MLC reactivity, serologically detectable leukocyte antigens, and skin graft reactivity (1967,2; 1967,4)
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He had the skill to bring together leaders and make things happen. He organized the First International Histocompatibility Workshop, in Durham, North Carolina, which in an unprecedented manner stimulated international collaboration and led to competitive studies that define the MHC (HLA)
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He was the chairman of the task force on immunology and disease for the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the first chair of the National Institutes of Health committee on transplantation and immunity, and established a repository of reference reagents for histocompatibility testing laboratories worldwide. He was the first chair of WHO HLA Nomenclature Committee and was a member of the Organizing Committee of the First International Congress of Immunology.
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Family studies included a Minnesota family, which together with the studies of the HLA genetics and mixed lymphocyte reaction of Bernard's own family, demonstrated that there was a separate genetic locus from HLA-B. It was important because the dogma at the time was the belief that MLC reactivity was explained by the difference of HLA phenotypes in unrelated individuals (1971,2)
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were involved in the rejection of allotransplants. These conclusions were related to the lack of MLR reactivity in some HLA identical unrelated individuals that were unreactive, and the analyses of skin graft rejections.
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He was one of the selected pioneers of modern immunology, particularly cellular immunology, cancer immunology, and immunogenetics. Of course, he is one of the central figures in the
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He was one of a small international group of scientists, which included Rose Payne, Jean Dausset, Ruggiero Ceppellini, Paul Terasaki, Roy Walford, and Jon Van Rood, to produce what became HLA serology. This international collaborative effort led to the identification and definition of alleles of the different loci used in research of immune responses, disease association, and transplantation.
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He was a pioneer in the studies of genetics of individuality and a leader in founding important national and international scientific organizations. He trained a number of prominent scientists and established pioneering clinical and basic research programs worldwide, including developing countries.
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2. In this regard it is important to mention that experiments performed during the last histocompatibility workshop using a panel of monoclonal antibodies and cells typed at the allele level formally established, without cross-absorptions, that there are epitopes shared by alleles as well as private epitopes and that such epitopes are amino acid sequences recognized by antibodies.
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Growth of mouse ascites tumor cells in diffusion chambers.
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Correlations of skin grafts and renal allograft func tion in human subjects genotyped for HL-A. Surgery 68:86-91.
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I General de scription of frequent haplotypes and report of the mixed lymphocyte reactions of an HL-A recombinant.
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