Growing Up Global The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries (2005) / Chapter Skim
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From page 506... ...
506 8 The Transition to Parenthood INTRODUCTION Becoming a parent for the first time is a major transition at any age, and it is especially so for an adolescent or young adult. While age is one important indicator of readiness for parenthood, other factors, such as family circumstances and social support systems, are also important and can influence young parents' chances of success.
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From page 507... ...
THE TRANSITION TO PARENTHOOD 507 in most settings, schooling is often not an option for parents, particularly mothers, although in this area change is beginning to be seen. The moment that young people become first-time parents, they become major actors in shaping the health and well-being of the next generation.
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508 GROWING UP GLOBAL and finally changes in access to and use of prenatal and delivery services, with particular implications for the service context surrounding first births. We draw on both qualitative and quantitative research material to describe the changing context of first parenthood.
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THE TRANSITION TO PARENTHOOD 509 for both. Table 8-1 shows that the proportion of men ages 15-19 who report that they have had a child is extremely low: 2-3 percent in the regions for which information is available.
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From page 510... ...
510 GROWING UP GLOBAL Trends in the Distribution of Ages at First Motherhood We compare the distribution of ages at first birth among women from three cohorts: those who were ages 40-44 at the time of the most recent DHS survey (born roughly in the 1950s) , those who were ages 30-34 (born roughly in the 1960s)
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From page 511... ...
THE TRANSITION TO PARENTHOOD 511 the eighth column of Table 8-2. These footnotes indicate that for no region in the world has a 75th percentile in the age distribution of first birth been reached by the age of 24 for women born in the 1970s.
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From page 512... ...
512 GROWING UP GLOBAL cohort where footnotes are indicated; recent delays in the timing of parenthood in these two regions make such an estimate for the youngest cohort impossible. In former Soviet Asia, South America, Central America, and the Caribbean, there is very little change in the age patterns of first-time parenthood, as the table shows.
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513 Uz be kis ta n 19 97 , F irs t B irt h 0.
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From page 514... ...
514 GROWING UP GLOBAL region one observes very little intercohort change in the age at the transition to motherhood, specifically in Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. The aggregate data from Western and Middle Africa in Table 8-2 show similar trends but mask even more diversity in the region than was observed for Eastern and Southern Africa.
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From page 515... ...
THE TRANSITION TO PARENTHOOD 515 M ea n Ye ar s 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Country Western Asia/ Northern Africa Former Soviet Asia West/Central Africa Eastern/Southern Africa South America Central America/ Caribbean South-central/ South-eastern Asia 30-34 40-44 FIGURE 8-2 Changes in duration of transition to first motherhood: Difference in years between age at first quartile and third quartile of age distribution. SOURCE: Demographic and Health Surveys.
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From page 516... ...
516 GROWING UP GLOBAL (Boxes B and C of Figure 2-1) shape the opportunities for young people to acquire the stocks of human and social capital that they need for successful adulthood (Box D of Figure 2-1)
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517 T A B L E 8 -3 P er ce nt ag e of W om en G iv in g B ir th b y A ge 1 6 an d by A ge 1 8 -- W ei gh te d R eg io na l an d In co m e A ve ra ge s, D H S C ou nt ri es B ir th b y A ge 1 6 B ir th b y A ge 1 8 R eg io n or I nc om e L ev el 20 -2 4 30 -3 4 40 -4 4 20 -2 4 30 -3 4 40 -4 4 R eg io n A fr ic a E as te rn /S ou th er n A fr ic a 8.
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From page 518... ...
518 GROWING UP GLOBAL increase in the percentage having a birth by age 18 from 12 to 16 percent. And in the former Soviet Asia, the percentage experiencing early parenthood remains extremely low (whether measured by age 16 or 18)
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From page 519... ...
THE TRANSITION TO PARENTHOOD 519 this percentage among the lower two educational groups. The very different trends in early childbearing by school levels across regions underscores how the social context -- even when measured as crudely as world region -- modifies the effects of individual-level characteristics (such as schooling)
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520 T A B L E 8 -4 P er ce nt ag e of W om en G iv in g B ir th b y A ge 1 8, b y Y ea rs o f Sc ho ol in g, a nd R es id en ce , D H S C ou nt ri es A ge s 20 -2 4 A ge s 40 -4 4 Y ea rs o f Sc ho ol in g Y ea rs o f Sc ho ol in g Pa ne l A 03 47 8+ 03 47 8+ R eg io n A fr ic a E as te rn /S ou th er n A fr ic a 39 .5 32 .0 11 .3 42 .5 37 .8 17 .3 W es te rn /M id dl e A fr ic a 47 .6 28 .4 10 .0 42 .1 37 .1 17 .6 A si aa So ut hce nt r a l/ So ut hea s t er n A s i a 34 .2 24 .4 7.
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521 A ge s 20 -2 4 A ge s 40 -4 4 Pa ne l B R ur al U rb an R ur al U rb an R eg io n A fr ic a E as te rn /S ou th er n A fr ic a 29 .7 20 .9 39 .0 33 .7 W es te rn /M id dl e A fr ic a 35 .8 21 .4 40 .5 34 .2 A si a So ut hce nt ra l/ So ut hea st er n A si a 28 .6 13 .2 34 .9 25 .5 Fo rm er S ov ie t A si a 4.
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From page 522... ...
522 GROWING UP GLOBAL women give birth as children, and these are the women who are most likely to be poor. Young women in impoverished settings are likely to be less well nourished and to be still completing physical growth in the late teens; for adolescent mothers in these settings, these factors are linked to increased risk of obstructed labor and of such complications as obstetric fistula during delivery (Senderowitz, 1995)
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From page 523... ...
THE TRANSITION TO PARENTHOOD 523 Social and Economic Consequences of Early Childbearing McCauley and Salter (1995:16) , in a population report entitled "Meeting the Needs of Young Adults" that focuses primarily on developing country adolescents, state: "For young women just beginning their adult lives, the risks of childbearing do not end with delivery.
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From page 524... ...
524 GROWING UP GLOBAL cantly lower wages than those who gave birth after age 20. The issue of the potential endogeneity of adolescent childbearing and wages was not addressed, however; in addition, the analysis failed to control for the fact that women who work in this setting are a selective group.
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From page 525... ...
THE TRANSITION TO PARENTHOOD 525 confounding factors that are both a cause and consequence of early childbearing, it is not possible to assess the short-term and long-term effects of adolescent childbearing. THE SEQUENCING OF PARENTHOOD WITH MARRIAGE Although parenthood continues to occur largely within a socially recognized union (typically marriage)
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From page 526... ...
526 T A B L E 8 -5 P er ce nt ag e of B ir th s T ha t O cc ur W it hi n M ar ri ag e, o f A ll B ir th s, D H S C ou nt ri es M ar it al B ir th s T ha t O cc ur A ft er M ar ri ag e W it hi n Fi rs t 7 M on th s of M ar ri ag e R eg io n or I nc om e L ev el 20 -2 4 30 -3 4 40 -4 4 20 -2 4 30 -3 4 40 -4 4 R eg io n A fr ic a E as te rn /S ou th er n A fr ic a 69 .9 73 .9 79 .2 14 .9 15 .3 15 .5 W es te rn /M id dl e A fr ic a 81 .9 83 .9 84 .0 15 .8 15 .3 16 .9 A si a So ut hce nt ra l/ So ut hea st er n A si a 97 .1 96 .8 97 .1 14 .9 13 .2 11 .5 Fo rm er S ov ie t A si a 97 .1 96 .4 96 .6 5.
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From page 527... ...
THE TRANSITION TO PARENTHOOD 527 lows our discussion of trends in the first birth interval and the significance of the first marital birth. Trends in the First Birth Interval The first birth interval is demographic jargon for the duration of the period between union formation and the first birth.
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From page 528... ...
528 GROWING UP GLOBAL TABLE 8-6 Trends in Median Length of First Birth Interval Among Women Having Their First Birth After Marriage,a DHS Countries Median Birth Interval Region or Income Level 20-24 30-34 40-44 Region Africa Eastern/Southern Africa 18.2 24.1 25.6 Western/Middle Africa 21.2 22.4 24.6 Asia South-central/South-eastern Asia 19.3 20.2 22.9 Former Soviet Asia 13.9 12.8 12.8 Latin America and Caribbean Caribbean/Central America 15.3 16.3 16.7 South America 15.4 18.2 17.0 Middle East Western Asia/Northern Africa 15.8 17.5 21.8 Income Levelb Low 19.6 20.7 23.2 Lower Middle 13.6 15.3 16.2 Upper Middle 16.7 22.7 23.8 TOTAL -- All DHS 18.6 20.3 22.5 aThe birth interval is constructed from a life table and is restricted to all first births that occurred after marriage. Women who are married but have not yet given birth are censored at the date of their interview.
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From page 529... ...
THE TRANSITION TO PARENTHOOD 529 greater reluctance on the part of older women relative to younger women to report their marriage age accurately, thus differentially biasing estimates of the length of the first birth interval. The extent to which first births that occur within marriage are the result of premarital conceptions can be approximated by looking at the proportion of first birth intervals that are less than 8 months in duration.
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530 GROWING UP GLOBAL secure themselves in the marital home; infertility is deeply feared and results, for many women, in abandonment and mistreatment (Adepoju and Mbugua, 1997; Jejeebhoy, 2000)
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THE TRANSITION TO PARENTHOOD 531 BOX 8-1 Celebrating a Woman's First Pregnancy in Tamil Nadu In Tamil Nadu, the Seemantham ceremony marks a woman's passage into motherhood and celebrates her fertility. Seemantham is a ritual performed widely throughout Tamil Nadu by Hindus, Muslims, and Christians in preparation for a woman's first delivery, and its primary functions are to satisfy the pregnant woman's acai ("desire, craving, passion")
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From page 532... ...
532 T A B L E 8 -7 T re nd s in P er ce nt ag e of W om en H av in g Fi rs t B ir th B ef or e M ar ri ag e (b y A ge s 18 , 20 , 25 )
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From page 533... ...
THE TRANSITION TO PARENTHOOD 533 marital birth by the age of 25. However, these rates vary substantially across regions.
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From page 534... ...
534 GROWING UP GLOBAL Former Soviet Asia Western/Central Africa Eastern/Southern Africa South America Central America/Caribbean South-central/South-eastern Western Asia/North Africa Asia FIGURE 8-3 Change in percentage of young women having premarital birth by age 20. SOURCE: Demographic and Health Surveys.
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THE TRANSITION TO PARENTHOOD 535 marriage is either unlikely or delayed by lack of money or other resources (Nsamenang, 2002)
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From page 536... ...
536 GROWING UP GLOBAL class families who have high educational aspirations and remain economically and socially dependent on their parents into their 20s tend to have greater skills in negotiation, are better able to exercise contraceptive and reproductive choices, and if pregnancy occurs, are more likely than other groups to have planned it. A creative way to avoid the social consequences of early childbearing among young women who are motivated to continue their education is described by Johnson-Hanks (2002)
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From page 537... ...
THE TRANSITION TO PARENTHOOD 537 BOX 8-2 Postponing Motherhood Until the Second Child Among Educated Young Beti Women in Southern Cameroon Jennifer Johnson-Hanks' (2002) ethnography of motherhood among young, educated Beti women in Southern Cameroon explores the complex relationship between student and motherhood roles.
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From page 538... ...
538 GROWING UP GLOBAL Rise in School Enrollment Among Adolescents Many empirical studies show a negative relationship between education and fertility and in particular between educational attainment and the timing of the first birth in developing countries (e.g., Choe, Thapa, and Achmad, 2001; Gupta and da Costa Leite, 1999; Gupta and Khan, 1995; Welti, 2002)
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From page 539... ...
THE TRANSITION TO PARENTHOOD 539 Former Soviet Asia Central America/Caribbean Eastern/Southern Africa South-central/South-eastern Asia South America Western/Central Africa Western Asia/North Africa Linear (Total) Proportion of 15-19-Year-Olds Currently Enrolled in School 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 FIGURE 8-4 Current school enrollment and childbearing, 15-19-year-olds.
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540 GROWING UP GLOBAL at this age. As enrollment rates rise, the chance that the timing of pregnancy and school dropout will coincide becomes much greater.
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THE TRANSITION TO PARENTHOOD 541 As noted earlier, young mothers in Cameroon are also allowed to return to school (see Box 8-2)
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542 GROWING UP GLOBAL BOX 8-3 From Rural Daughters, to Urban Wage Workers, to Modern Mothers: Bidayuh Women Migrants in Kuching, Malaysia In the Malaysian state of Sarawak, unprecedented rates of urbanization and the increasing penetration of the market economy into rural areas have increased the need and demand for cash in most villages. Since there are limited cashearning opportunities in rural villages, most households rely on remittances from members who have migrated to cities to work.
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THE TRANSITION TO PARENTHOOD 543 per day work schedule in Bangladeshi garment factories. The most common arrangement was for the child to be cared for by the maternal grandmother or by another female relative.
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From page 544... ...
544 GROWING UP GLOBAL Changes in Access to and Use of Prenatal and Delivery Services Young women who are giving birth to their first child face special risks because the probability of poor outcomes is higher for first births. Furthermore younger mothers face special risks at delivery, because they are likely to be less well educated, come from a rural area, live in a poorer household, and be less well nourished.
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From page 545... ...
THE TRANSITION TO PARENTHOOD 545 proportion who are attended by a professional at delivery show some small gains from 1985 to 1996: from 48 to 53 percent in the developing world as a whole; 49 to 53 percent in Asia; 34 to 42 percent in Africa; and 64 to 75 percent in Latin America and the Caribbean (World Health Organization, 1997)
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From page 546... ...
546 GROWING UP GLOBAL BOX 8-4 School Policies Related to Pregnancy Policy Country Policy Expulsion Mozambique (Chilisa, 2002) Young women are expelled from school once it is discovered that they are pregnant.
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THE TRANSITION TO PARENTHOOD 547 Country Policy Burkina Faso Pregnant young women may remain in school (Gorgen et al., 1993) during their pregnancy and may return directly after delivery.
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From page 548... ...
548 GROWING UP GLOBAL first-time parents' project in Gujurat and West Bengal is fairly unusual in its focus on young married women at the time of first birth. The intervention is currently under way and will be evaluated using a quasi-experimental design.
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From page 549... ...
THE TRANSITION TO PARENTHOOD 549 which was already almost the widest, is getting wider, while in other regions it is remaining about the same. In all regions, at least a quarter of women remain childless until age 24, and in some regions until several years beyond age 24.
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From page 550... ...
550 GROWING UP GLOBAL marized in this chapter, however, have some implications for policy and programs. Prenatal and delivery services should reach out to and give attention to the special needs of first-time parents.
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From page 551... ...
THE TRANSITION TO PARENTHOOD 551 Research Recommendations Many of the questions listed below cannot be answered without new data collection or in-depth studies. The panel's recommendations on new research strategies are discussed in Chapter 9.
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From page 552... ...
552 A PP E N D IX T A B L E 8 -1 P ar en th oo d by A ge a nd S ex , D H S C ou nt ri es ( Pe rc en ta ge )
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From page 553... ...
553 K en ya , 19 98 1.
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From page 554... ...
554 GROWING UP GLOBAL APPENDIX TABLE 8-2 Age of Transition to First Motherhood by Quartile, DHS Countries 25th Quartile Country and Year of Survey 20-24 30-34 40-44 Armenia, 2000 19.9 19.6 20.2 Bangladesh, 1999-2000 16.4 16.1 15.5 Benin, 2001 18.1 17.2 17.3 Bolivia, 1998 18.8 18.8 19.3 Brazil, 1996 19.0 19.3 19.6 Burkina Faso, 1998-1999 17.5 17.5 17.3 Cameroon, 1998 17.3 16.8 16.9 Central African Republic, 1994-1995 17.0 16.8 16.4 Chad, 1996-1997 16.4 16.2 15.8 Colombia, 2000 18.8 19.4 19.0 Comoros, 1996 19.4 17.4 17.5 Côte d'Ivoire, 1998-1999 17.0 16.3 16.5 Dominican Republic, 1996 18.3 18.3 18.1 Egypt, 2000 20.2 18.7 18.5 Ethiopia, 1999 18.1 16.5 16.5 Ghana, 1998-1999 18.3 17.8 17.7 Guatemala, 1998-1999 18.0 17.7 17.9 Guinea, 1999 16.1 16.1 16.0 Haiti, 2000 19.3 19.1 19.1 India, 1998-2000 17.7 17.3 17.3 Indonesia, 1997 19.3 18.1 17.9 Jordan, 1997 21.5 20.2 18.6 Kazakhstan, 1999 20.2 20.4 20.5 Kenya, 1998 18.2 17.4 16.7 Kyrgyz Republic, 1997 19.3 20.3 20.0 Madagascar, 1997 17.3 17.3 16.7
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From page 555... ...
THE TRANSITION TO PARENTHOOD 555 50th Quartile 75th Quartile 20-24 30-34 40-44 20-24 30-34 40-44 22.8 21.3 22.3 24.0 26.0 18.8 18.0 17.2 22.7 20.6 19.8 20.3 19.6 19.8 23.3 22.7 22.6 21.6 21.4 21.6 24.8 25.0 22.4 22.1 22.3 26.8 26.4 19.1 19.2 19.2 20.9 21.1 21.3 19.4 18.8 18.9 23.9 21.1 22.2 18.9 19.3 18.8 21.8 22.3 22.9 18.3 18.3 18.1 20.4 21.3 22.0 22.1 22.4 21.8 27.7 26.3 23.8 20.9 20.0 26.3 24.4 19.4 19.1 18.6 22.8 22.4 21.8 21.2 21.3 20.8 25.2 25.3 23.2 21.6 21.3 24.9 25.6 25.3 20.7 18.5 18.3 24.6 21.3 20.7 21.0 20.0 19.9 23.2 22.7 20.4 20.3 19.8 23.1 22.9 23.2 18.2 18.3 18.5 21.3 21.0 21.8 22.1 22.3 21.2 27.0 25.4 20.2 19.4 19.6 23.6 22.4 22.4 21.8 20.7 20.5 24.6 24.0 24.0 21.3 31.9 25.2 22.3 22.1 22.5 24.9 25.3 20.3 19.4 18.8 22.8 22.2 21.3 20.8 21.8 21.6 23.0 24.2 23.8 19.3 19.9 18.8 22.0 23.8 23.3 Continued
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From page 556... ...
556 GROWING UP GLOBAL Malawi, 2000 17.6 16.9 16.9 Mali, 2001 16.5 16.3 16.8 Morocco, 1992 20.9 19.4 18.4 Mozambique, 1997 16.6 16.7 16.0 Namibia, 1992 18.6 18.3 18.7 Nepal, 2000-2001 17.7 18.0 18.1 Nicaragua, 2001 17.7 17.3 17.3 Niger, 1998 16.4 15.9 15.9 Nigeria, 1999 17.5 16.8 16.0 Pakistan, 1990-1991 19.3 18.0 18.3 Paraguay, 1990 18.9 19.1 19.2 Peru, 2000 19.3 19.0 18.8 Philippines, 1998 20.7 20.1 19.8 Rwanda, 2000 19.5 19.8 19.9 Senegal, 1997 17.8 17.1 17.0 South Africa, 1998 18.4 18.0 18.7 Tanzania, 1999 17.8 17.3 16.3 Togo, 1998 18.5 17.8 17.6 Turkey, 1998 19.8 19.1 18.4 Uganda, 2000-2001 16.8 16.5 16.5 Uzbekistan, 1996 19.9 20.1 19.8 Vietnam, 1997 20.5 20.6 21.7 Yemen, 1991-1992 19.0 17.2 18.4 Zambia, 2001-2002 17.3 17.2 16.8 Zimbabwe, 1999 18.3 18.2 17.7 APPENDIX TABLE 8-2 Continued 25th Quartile Country and Year of Survey 20-24 30-34 40-44
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From page 557... ...
THE TRANSITION TO PARENTHOOD 557 19.3 18.8 18.9 21.0 20.9 21.3 18.4 18.4 19.2 20.8 21.2 22.0 22.2 20.9 28.5 24.2 18.7 19.1 18.5 21.3 21.8 23.2 20.8 20.4 21.0 23.9 24.2 24.3 19.2 19.7 19.9 21.0 21.8 22.4 20.2 19.5 19.4 22.8 22.4 18.2 17.3 17.8 20.7 19.8 20.6 21.2 20.1 19.4 24.0 23.0 22.9 20.8 21.7 24.5 25.3 21.7 21.7 21.6 25.8 25.8 22.6 21.8 21.7 26.7 26.2 24.1 23.3 22.8 28.1 27.8 21.7 22.2 22.0 24.6 24.8 24.5 20.9 19.4 19.7 22.8 22.4 21.0 20.2 20.9 23.8 24.3 19.4 19.1 17.8 21.5 21.1 20.3 21.0 19.8 20.1 24.8 22.8 22.8 22.9 21.8 20.4 25.5 23.3 18.3 18.5 18.7 20.4 20.5 21.2 21.2 21.8 21.3 23.9 23.8 23.3 22.9 22.8 23.1 26.3 26.8 23.8 19.8 22.2 23.3 26.6 19.0 18.8 18.3 21.5 21.1 20.3 20.2 20.2 19.8 23.0 23.1 21.9 50th Quartile 75th Quartile 20-24 30-34 40-44 20-24 30-34 40-44
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From page 558... ...
558 A PP E N D IX T A B L E 8 -3 P er ce nt ag e of W om en G iv in g B ir th b y A ge 1 6 an d by A ge 1 8, D H S C ou nt ri es B ir th b y 16 B ir th b y 18 C ou nt ry a nd Y ea r of S ur ve y 20 -2 4 30 -3 4 40 -4 4 20 -2 4 30 -3 4 40 -4 4 A rm en ia , 20 00 0.
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559 Jo rd an , 19 97 0.
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From page 560... ...
560 A PP E N D IX T A B L E 8 -4 a Pe rc en ta ge o f W om en G iv in g B ir th b y A ge 1 8, b y Y ea rs o f Sc ho ol in g, D H S C ou nt ri es 20 -2 4 40 -4 4 C ou nt ry a nd Y ea r of S ur ve y 03 04 8+ 03 04 8+ B an gl ad es h, 1 99 920 00 61 .7 44 .4 14 .6 62 .7 56 .9 33 .6 B en in , 20 01 29 .5 11 .2 2.
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561 Jo rd an , 19 97 9.
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From page 562... ...
562 GROWING UP GLOBAL APPENDIX TABLE 8-4b Percentage of Women Giving Birth by Age 18, by Residence, DHS Countries 20-24 40-44 Country and Year of Survey Rural Urban Rural Urban Armenia, 2000 14.2 4.4 4.5 2.6 Bangladesh, 1999-2000 47.4 29.9 59.1 56.2 Benin, 2001 30.1 15.0 32.9 32.6 Bolivia, 1998 30.2 11.5 17.9 12.4 Brazil, 1996 21.8 14.7 12.9 10.4 Burkina Faso, 1998-1999 36.6 19.0 35.0 32.5 Cameroon, 1998 41.3 19.9 38.7 41.2 Central African Republic, 1994-1995 38.6 36.7 35.6 48.1 Chad, 1996-1997 46.4 42.2 48.6 46.3 Colombia, 2000 30.0 16.3 22.9 12.5 Comoros, 1996 18.8 13.2 28.3 40.7 Côte d'Ivoire, 1998-1999 43.7 26.4 42.9 42.1 Dominican Republic, 1996 30.0 17.7 30.6 20.9 Egypt, 2000 12.7 5.6 28.6 14.1 Ethiopia, 1999 25.9 17.2 46.8 41.1 Ghana, 1998-1999 22.9 14.9 29.6 25.4 Guatemala, 1998-1999 31.6 16.0 30.8 19.3 Guinea, 1999 55.7 33.0 46.4 40.4 Haiti, 2000 18.1 12.4 19.2 12.6 India, 1998-2000 32.8 14.2 39.2 26.1 Indonesia, 1997 18.9 4.8 29.0 18.7 Jordan, 1997 6.8 5.9 22.9 18.3 Kazakhstan, 1999 5.7 6.2 1.0 2.1 Kenya, 1998 25.1 18.7 41.0 23.4 Kyrgyz Republic, 1997 3.7 5.4 2.9 1.7 Madagascar, 1997 36.0 22.3 45.2 29.4 Malawi, 2000 32.3 21.8 40.4 33.8 Mali, 2001 51.4 31.1 36.8 37.1 Morocco, 1992 10.0 4.7 20.2 20.7 Mozambique, 1997 44.2 40.1 47.4 31.7 Namibia, 1992 17.5 18.2 18.0 24.1 Nepal, 2000-2001 26.8 20.7 23.4 26.3 Nicaragua, 2001 38.4 22.2 40.5 29.5 Niger, 1998 52.1 27.4 53.7 44.2
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From page 563... ...
THE TRANSITION TO PARENTHOOD 563 Nigeria, 1999 31.7 19.4 42.3 31.9 Pakistan, 1990-1991 20.2 11.2 21.8 22.1 Paraguay, 1990 20.6 12.5 18.2 10.8 Peru, 2000 26.2 9.4 22.3 14.0 Philippines, 1998 9.4 5.5 12.7 8.9 Rwanda, 2000 7.9 13.8 11.1 5.1 Senegal, 1997 34.5 15.3 36.0 30.0 South Africa, 1998 24.8 17.0 16.8 19.1 Tanzania, 1999 29.4 20.4 49.2 56.7 Togo, 1998 25.9 9.6 30.5 23.5 Turkey, 1998 15.1 9.0 25.6 17.2 Uganda, 2000-2001 45.0 29.5 43.2 34.5 Uzbekistan, 1996 3.1 1.8 6.0 3.1 Vietnam, 1997 4.6 2.2 4.4 1.9 Yemen, 1991-1992 29.1 21.1 21.0 29.6 Zambia, 2001-2002 39.9 27.3 44.9 44.8 Zimbabwe, 1999 26.2 12.8 29.2 26.1 APPENDIX TABLE 8-4b Continued 20-24 40-44 Country and Year of Survey Rural Urban Rural Urban
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From page 564... ...
564 A PP E N D IX T A B L E 8 -5 P er ce nt ag e of B ir th s T ha t O cc ur W it hi n M ar ri ag e, o f A ll B ir th s, D H S C ou nt ri es W it hi n M ar ri ag e W it hi n 7 M on th s of M ar ri ag e C ou nt ry a nd Y ea r of S ur ve y 20 -2 4 30 -3 4 40 -4 4 20 -2 4 30 -3 4 40 -4 4 A rm en ia , 20 00 99 .4 98 .2 98 .7 0.
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From page 565... ...
565 K az ak hs ta n, 1 99 9 93 .9 94 .1 94 .3 12 .8 14 .2 10 .6 K en ya , 19 98 58 .5 66 .8 74 .2 18 .7 19 .6 19 .5 K yr gy z R ep ub li c, 1 99 7 98 .2 97 .2 98 .7 3.
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From page 566... ...
566 GROWING UP GLOBAL APPENDIX TABLE 8-6 Trends in Median Length of First Birth Interval Among Women Having Their Birth After Marriage, DHS Countries Median Birth Interval Country and Year of Survey 20-24 30-34 40-44 Armenia, 2000 12 12 12 Bangladesh, 1999-2000 24 30 32 Benin, 2001 15 13 14 Bolivia, 1998 14 16 19 Brazil, 1996 16 19 17 Burkina Faso, 1998-1999 20 20 22 Cameroon, 1998 23 30 36 Central African Republic, 1994-1995 20 20 20 Chad, 1996-1997 20 22 21 Colombia, 2000 14 17 16 Comoros, 1996 17 21 22 Côte d'Ivoire, 1998-1999 20 25 25 Dominican Republic, 1996 17 17 18 Egypt, 2000 13 15 17 Ethiopia, 1999 24 25 26 Ghana, 1998-1999 21 18 17 Guatemala, 1998-1999 12 15 17 Guinea, 1999 17 21 21 Haiti, 2000 17 17 16 India, 1998-2000 20 20 23 Indonesia, 1997 16 17 20 Jordan, 1997 14 13 14 Kazakhstan, 1999 13 11 11 Kenya, 1998 15 20 19 Kyrgyz Republic, 1997 12 12 12 Madagascar, 1997 17 20 19 Malawi, 2000 14 15 15 Mali, 2001 21 21 23 Morocco, 1992 17 20 22 Mozambique, 1997 20 24 22 Namibia, 1992 21 30 30 Nepal, 2000-2001 23 27 34 Nicaragua, 2001 17 17 15 Niger, 1998 25 24 29
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From page 567... ...
THE TRANSITION TO PARENTHOOD 567 Nigeria, 1999 22 23 26 Pakistan, 1990-1991 21 22 24 Paraguay, 1990 15 18 21 Peru, 2000 14 16 17 Philippines, 1998 12 13 13 Rwanda, 2000 13 14 15 Senegal, 1997 19 22 23 South Africa, 1998 20 47 57 Tanzania, 1999 16 16 14 Togo, 1998 17 18 17 Turkey, 1998 16 15 18 Uganda, 2000-2001 16 20 21 Uzbekistan, 1996 15 14 14 Vietnam, 1997 14 15 18 Yemen, 1991-1992 25 33 56 Zambia, 2001-2002 15 16 17 Zimbabwe, 1999 12 14 17 APPENDIX TABLE 8-6 Continued Median Birth Interval Country and Year of Survey 20-24 30-34 40-44
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From page 568... ...
568 GROWING UP GLOBAL APPENDIX TABLE 8-7 Trends in Percentage of Women Having First Birth Before Marriage (by ages 18, 20, 25) , DHS Countries Premarital Birth by Age 18 Country and Year of Survey 20-24 30-34 40-44 Armenia, 2000 0.2 0.1 0.1 Bangladesh, 1999-2000 0.3 1.5 1.4 Benin, 2001 2.9 4.8 3.5 Bolivia, 1998 5.8 4.5 3.9 Brazil, 1996 3.5 3.0 2.8 Burkina Faso, 1998-1999 6.4 6.8 8.2 Cameroon, 1998 10.5 10.0 10.5 Central African Republic, 1994-1995 5.7 4.2 2.3 Chad, 1996-1997 1.4 1.8 1.2 Colombia, 2000 6.3 3.1 2.9 Comoros, 1996 0.5 1.1 2.3 Côte d'Ivoire, 1998-1999 16.9 14.1 12.1 Dominican Republic, 1996 1.3 1.3 1.1 Egypt, 2000 0.0 0.0 0.2 Ethiopia, 1999 0.5 2.0 2.1 Ghana, 1998-1999 4.0 4.2 3.3 Guatemala, 1998-1999 3.9 2.9 6.9 Guinea, 1999 5.4 5.3 5.8 Haiti, 2000 2.7 1.6 3.5 India, 1998-2000 0.5 0.9 0.8 Indonesia, 1997 0.2 1.0 1.6 Jordan, 1997 0.0 0.1 0.2 Kazakhstan, 1999 0.8 0.2 0.3 Kenya, 1998 11.0 11.0 8.7 Kyrgyz Republic, 1997 0.4 0.3 0.1 Madagascar, 1997 9.7 8.6 9.5 Malawi, 2000 4.7 7.1 3.5 Mali, 2001 7.1 5.8 2.9 Morocco, 1992 0.1 0.4 0.7
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From page 569... ...
THE TRANSITION TO PARENTHOOD 569 Premarital Birth Premarital Birth by Age 20 by Age 25 20-24 30-34 40-44 30-34 40-44 0.2 0.3 0.2 1.3 0.9 0.3 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 5.0 6.3 6.5 9.1 9.7 10.8 8.9 8.3 15.6 15.2 7.2 5.5 4.9 9.0 8.0 7.9 8.5 9.5 10.0 10.8 17.0 16.8 15.6 21.3 18.6 10.3 5.9 3.0 8.8 5.0 2.4 2.1 1.2 2.6 1.7 10.8 7.2 6.8 14.2 12.6 1.0 1.1 3.3 1.7 3.3 24.2 17.6 19.4 27.0 22.9 2.2 2.0 2.2 2.8 3.6 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.9 2.4 2.2 2.6 2.3 6.2 6.2 4.6 8.5 6.9 5.3 5.8 9.4 10.6 13.0 6.7 6.2 7.1 8.4 8.4 4.8 3.4 5.2 5.3 8.2 0.6 1.0 0.9 1.2 1.1 0.2 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.2 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.5 1.7 1.0 2.1 3.5 4.4 20.0 19.1 14.9 28.3 20.8 0.8 0.3 0.1 1.6 0.8 15.5 13.0 13.5 17.3 16.7 8.4 9.1 4.6 11.7 5.5 8.8 7.5 4.3 9.3 5.7 0.1 0.5 1.2 0.8 1.3 Continued
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From page 570... ...
570 GROWING UP GLOBAL Mozambique, 1997 9.0 6.2 9.1 Namibia, 1992 12.6 14.3 12.1 Nepal, 2000-2001 0.2 0.3 0.1 Nicaragua, 2001 2.8 3.9 2.5 Niger, 1998 1.8 1.6 2.0 Nigeria, 1999 4.5 7.7 10.7 Pakistan, 1990-1991 0.0 0.0 0.0 Paraguay, 1990 4.8 5.6 4.3 Peru, 2000 3.7 4.4 3.9 Philippines, 1998 0.6 0.5 0.7 Rwanda, 2000 1.6 1.5 0.6 Senegal, 1997 5.1 3.5 2.0 South Africa, 1998 17.3 18.4 12.7 Tanzania, 1999 7.0 9.0 7.2 Togo, 1998 3.2 6.1 5.8 Turkey, 1998 0.1 1.0 1.4 Uganda, 2000-2001 9.4 12.2 9.6 Uzbekistan, 1996 0.1 0.4 0.0 Vietnam, 1997 0.2 0.4 0.2 Yemen, 1991-1992 0.0 0.0 0.0 Zambia, 2001-2002 10.7 10.8 9.8 Zimbabwe, 1999 5.8 8.1 7.1 APPENDIX TABLE 8-7 Continued Premarital Birth by Age 18 Country and Year of Survey 20-24 30-34 40-44
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From page 571... ...
THE TRANSITION TO PARENTHOOD 571 13.5 11.9 12.2 15.7 13.9 30.4 30.0 22.7 46.4 41.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.4 3.7 5.5 3.5 6.8 5.2 2.9 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.2 5.8 9.3 13.2 10.9 15.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.5 8.8 7.8 14.4 13.5 7.8 8.4 8.7 14.4 14.7 1.5 1.6 1.5 3.4 2.9 3.8 2.5 1.0 6.3 2.6 8.6 6.5 3.6 9.9 5.4 32.5 33.7 24.6 51.7 43.1 15.7 15.7 9.5 20.0 11.3 5.7 9.1 8.7 12.8 12.5 0.1 1.6 1.7 2.0 2.6 13.6 17.5 13.5 22.3 15.8 0.4 1.0 0.5 2.3 2.6 0.2 0.5 0.6 1.3 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.8 15.4 13.7 20.5 16.6 11.7 11.7 12.8 17.0 18.0 Premarital Birth Premarital Birth by Age 20 by Age 25 20-24 30-34 40-44 30-34 40-44
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