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From page 28... ... 28 3 UNCOMBUSTED FUELS AND COMBUSTION PRODUCTS: BACKGROUND INFORMATION In addition to the partially combusted crude oil associated with the well-publicized oilwell fires, several petroleum-derived fuels were present in the Persian Gulf region during Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm, including gasoline, kerosene, diesel, and jet-propulsion fuels JP-4, JP-5, and JP-8. Those fuels were used by the military to power aircraft, ground vehicles, tent heaters, and cooking stoves. Read the entire page →
From page 29... ... UNCOMBUSTED FUELS AND COMBUSTION PRODUCTS: BACKGROUND INFORMATION 29 various fuels and a compendium of exposure limits recommended by national and international government bodies and other organizations. That information is followed by a description of the toxicokinetics of the fuels and a summary of experimental studies conducted in humans and animals, focusing on studies that yielded information on chronic adverse health effects, on genetic susceptibility, or on interactions between fuels and other substances. Read the entire page →
From page 31... ... 31 Pr op er tie s G as ol in e JP -4 JP -5 JP -8 K er os en e D ie se l ke ro se ne M el tin g po in t − 90 .5 -− 95 .4 ° C − 46 ° C − 46 ° C − 52 ° C − 45 .6 ° C − 48 -1 8° C B oi lin g po in t 39 -2 04 ° C 45 -3 00 ° C 15 029 0° C 17 530 0° C 17 532 5° C 10 158 8° C D en si ty 0. Read the entire page →
From page 33... ... 33 O rg an iz at io n Fu el T yp e T yp e of E xp os ur e Li m it R ec om m en de d Ex po su re V al ue R ef er en ce K er os en e (f ue l o il no . Read the entire page →
From page 34... ... 34 GULF WAR AND HEALTH Toxicokinetics Given that gasoline, kerosene, diesel, JP-4, JP-5, and JP-8 are composed of hundreds of hydrocarbon compounds, it is impractical to describe here the toxicokinetics of each component. Because fuels contain many different components, they will exhibit a wide range of variability regarding absorption, metabolism, and excretion. Read the entire page →
From page 35... ... UNCOMBUSTED FUELS AND COMBUSTION PRODUCTS: BACKGROUND INFORMATION 35 Cancer MacFarland et al. Read the entire page →
From page 36... ... 36 GULF WAR AND HEALTH (Schreiner et al. Read the entire page →
From page 37... ... UNCOMBUSTED FUELS AND COMBUSTION PRODUCTS: BACKGROUND INFORMATION 37 hepatocellular fatty changes in mice, but not in rats and dogs, have been associated with subchronic exposure to JP-4 vapors at up to 1,000 mg/m3 (MacEwen and Vernot 1984) Read the entire page →
From page 38... ... 38 GULF WAR AND HEALTH exposed to gasoline by inhalation (Kuna and Ulrich 1984; Mattie et al. Read the entire page →
From page 39... ... UNCOMBUSTED FUELS AND COMBUSTION PRODUCTS: BACKGROUND INFORMATION 39 case of the females, during gestation and lactation (Mattie et al. Read the entire page →
From page 40... ... 40 GULF WAR AND HEALTH committee does not review the health effects of individual hazardous chemicals that might be adsorbed onto PM. The bioavailability and toxicity of such a chemical is affected by being adsorbed on the particle, so toxicity of the chemical alone cannot be directly extrapolated to its toxicity when adsorbed on the particle. Read the entire page →
From page 41... ... UNCOMBUSTED FUELS AND COMBUSTION PRODUCTS: BACKGROUND INFORMATION 41 In addition to exposure to smoke from oil-well fires, military personnel might have had exposures to combustion products because they were close to military vehicles, aircraft, and heaters in poorly ventilated tents. Physical and Chemical Properties As discussed above, combustion products are complex mixtures of substances. Read the entire page →
From page 42... ... 42 GULF WAR AND HEALTH cellular respiration and released into the air during the burning of carbon-containing fossil fuels (oil, coal, and natural gas) Read the entire page →
From page 43... ... UNCOMBUSTED FUELS AND COMBUSTION PRODUCTS: BACKGROUND INFORMATION 43 deposited farther down the respiratory tract and particles smaller than 2.5µm are deposited deep in the lung. Other hazardous pollutants, such as toxic metals, can be adsorbed onto the surface of particles, and this leads to exposure to them. Read the entire page →
From page 44... ... 44 GULF WAR AND HEALTH the responses in hamsters to particles from the oil fires were similar to those from typical urban summer pollution in St. Louis. Read the entire page →
From page 45... ... UNCOMBUSTED FUELS AND COMBUSTION PRODUCTS: BACKGROUND INFORMATION 45 Gases Hydrogen Sulfide Histologic and biochemical changes have been seen in the respiratory system after acute toxic exposures to H2S (for review, see ATSDR 1999a) Read the entire page →
From page 46... ... 46 GULF WAR AND HEALTH Pulmonary changes due to SO2 have been seen in exposed animals. Mild lesions in the lungs were seen in hamsters exposed to SO2 at 650 ppm for 4 hr/day 5 days/week for 19-74 weeks (Goldring et al. Read the entire page →
From page 47... ... UNCOMBUSTED FUELS AND COMBUSTION PRODUCTS: BACKGROUND INFORMATION 47 mice to NO2 at 0.5 ppm has effects, but that intermittent exposure does not (Ehrlich and Henry 1968) Read the entire page →
From page 48... ... 48 GULF WAR AND HEALTH 0.5 ppm or 1.0 ppm for 125 weeks did not have tumor-promoting activity in mice treated with tobacco carcinogen (NTP 1994) Read the entire page →
From page 49... ... UNCOMBUSTED FUELS AND COMBUSTION PRODUCTS: BACKGROUND INFORMATION 49 Other systemic effects have also been seen. Those effects, such as hemodynamic effects, increased the risk of heart attack and stroke and effects on hematopoiesis are thought to be secondary to the lung injury seen (EPA 2003a) Read the entire page →
From page 50... ... 50 GULF WAR AND HEALTH illness. An example is asthma-related increased susceptibility to many of the effects of combustion products. Read the entire page →
From page 51... ... UNCOMBUSTED FUELS AND COMBUSTION PRODUCTS: BACKGROUND INFORMATION 51 Alarie Y, Ulrich CE, Busey WM, Krumm AA, MacFarland HN. Read the entire page →
From page 52... ... 52 GULF WAR AND HEALTH Brain JD, Long NC, Wolfthal SF, Dumyahn T, Dockery DW. Read the entire page →
From page 53... ... UNCOMBUSTED FUELS AND COMBUSTION PRODUCTS: BACKGROUND INFORMATION 53 Curtis SE, Anderson CR, Simon J, Jensen AH, Day DL, Kelley KW. Read the entire page →
From page 54... ... 54 GULF WAR AND HEALTH Gong H Jr. Read the entire page →
From page 55... ... UNCOMBUSTED FUELS AND COMBUSTION PRODUCTS: BACKGROUND INFORMATION 55 Kinkead ER, Salins SA, Wolfe RE. Read the entire page →
From page 56... ... 56 GULF WAR AND HEALTH Mattie DR, Marit GB, Cooper JR, Sterner TR, Flemming CD. Read the entire page →
From page 58... ... 58 GULF WAR AND HEALTH Rose RM, Fuglestad JM, Skornik WA, Hammer SM, Wolfthal SF, Beck BD, Brain JD. Read the entire page →
From page 59... ... UNCOMBUSTED FUELS AND COMBUSTION PRODUCTS: BACKGROUND INFORMATION 59 Skrajny B, Hannah RS, Roth SH. Read the entire page →

From page 28...

... 28 3 UNCOMBUSTED FUELS AND COMBUSTION PRODUCTS: BACKGROUND INFORMATION In addition to the partially combusted crude oil associated with the well-publicized oilwell fires, several petroleum-derived fuels were present in the Persian Gulf region during Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm, including gasoline, kerosene, diesel, and jet-propulsion fuels JP-4, JP-5, and JP-8. Those fuels were used by the military to power aircraft, ground vehicles, tent heaters, and cooking stoves.