Gulf War and Health Volume 3: Fuels, Combustion Products, and Propellants (2005) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Pages 347-397
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 347... ...
347 9 HYDRAZINES AND NITRIC ACID This chapter discusses the committees review and evaluation of epidemiologic studies and toxicologic information on persistent human health effects that might have resulted from exposure to hydrazines and nitric acid (HNO3)
|
From page 348... ...
348 GULF WAR AND HEALTH monomethylhydrazine (MMH) , and unsymmetrical (or 1,1-)
|
From page 350... ...
350 Pr op er tie s H yd ra zi ne M M H U D M H N itr ic A ci d Ex pl os iv e lim its 4.
|
From page 351... ...
HYDRAZINES AND NITRIC ACID 351 Exposure limits and carcinogenic classifications have been recommended for hydrazines by such organizations as ACGIH, ATSDR, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) , IARC, NRC, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
|
From page 353... ...
353 O rg an iz at io n C he m ic al Ty pe o f E xp os ur e L im it R ec om m en de d E xp os ur e L im it R ef er en ce ID LH 15 p pm N IO SH N itr ic a ci d R EL 2.
|
From page 354... ...
354 GULF WAR AND HEALTH Experimental Studies Experimental studies of the toxicity of hydrazines in humans and laboratory animals are summarized here. This section focuses on studies that examined chronic effects of hydrazines, particularly effects shown to persist after cessation of exposure.
|
From page 355... ...
HYDRAZINES AND NITRIC ACID 355 doses that were toxic to the dams. Reproductive effects (ovarian and testicular atrophy, endometrial inflammation, endometrial cysts, and aspermatogenesis)
|
From page 356... ...
356 GULF WAR AND HEALTH mg/kg/day are inconsistent with an autoimmune response (Frazier et al.
|
From page 357... ...
HYDRAZINES AND NITRIC ACID 357 metals or organic materials (NIOSH 1976)
|
From page 358... ...
358 GULF WAR AND HEALTH Gage (1954) of exposure to nitric acid for an unspecified period at 25 ppm (63 mg/m3)
|
From page 359... ...
HYDRAZINES AND NITRIC ACID 359 Only the experiments of Ballou et al.
|
From page 360... ...
360 GULF WAR AND HEALTH EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES The relationship between occupational exposure to chemicals that may have been released from disintegrating Scud missiles (possibly UDMH and RFNA) and the development of long-term, adverse health effects has been examined in several retrospective cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies of the general public.
|
From page 361... ...
HYDRAZINES AND NITRIC ACID 361 sex, education, combat stress score, and PTSD diagnosis found that debris from Scuds was associated with musculoskeletal (p = 0.017) ,1 neurologic (p < 0.001)
|
From page 362... ...
362 GULF WAR AND HEALTH nondeployed military controls (Ishoy et al.
|
From page 363... ...
HYDRAZINES AND NITRIC ACID 363 Cohort Studies US Aerospace Cohort Ritz et al.
|
From page 365... ...
365 R ef er en ce Po pu la tio n (S tu dy an d C on tr ol G ro up )
|
From page 366... ...
366 R ef er en ce Po pu la tio n (S tu dy an d C on tr ol G ro up )
|
From page 367... ...
HYDRAZINES AND NITRIC ACID 367 For those with high exposure to hydrazine for a minimum of either 6 or 24 months, lungcancer mortality was consistently increased irrespective of lag period. Adjusted rate ratios ranged from 1.68 (95% CI 1.12-2.52)
|
From page 368... ...
368 GULF WAR AND HEALTH measurements of atmospheric hydrazine had been made, the researchers believed ambient concentrations in the hydrazine-production area of the plant had been 1-10 ppm and near the storage vessels as high as 100 ppm. On the basis of jobs held, each subject was allocated to the groups for which results were presentedhigh exposure (directly involved in hydrazine production for at least 6 months)
|
From page 369... ...
HYDRAZINES AND NITRIC ACID 369 95% CI 1.11-3.26) , but the excess risk (SMR 2.76)
|
From page 370... ...
370 GULF WAR AND HEALTH were given clinical examinations, and they completed questionnaires regarding subjective symptoms, smoking and alcohol and caffeine consumption, and past and present medical history, including exposure to chemical products and medications. Insurance-claim records from 1992 through 1994 from three of the five factories were used to determine prevalence rates of disease.
|
From page 371... ...
HYDRAZINES AND NITRIC ACID 371 Malignant and benign tumors and preneoplastic changes, have been identified at several sites including the lung, liver, and nosein mice, rats, and hamsters exposed to hydrazines; and the available data support a dose-related occurrence of those lesions (Biancifiori 1970; Biancifiori et al. 1964, 1966; Bosan et al.
|
From page 372... ...
372 GULF WAR AND HEALTH TABLE 9.4 Selected Epidemiologic StudiesHealth Outcomes and Exposure to Hydrazines Reference Study Population Exposed Cases Estimated Relative Risk Lung Cancer Cohort Studies Ritz et al. 1999 Male US rocket-engine workers Nonexposed 1.0 Nonexposed or low exposure, ≥6 months (from Morgenstern and Ritz et al.
|
From page 373... ...
HYDRAZINES AND NITRIC ACID 373 Reference Study Population Exposed Cases Estimated Relative Risk Cammarano et al. 1984 Italian power-plant workers All subjects 2 0.87 (0.11-3.15)
|
From page 374... ...
374 GULF WAR AND HEALTH Reference Study Population Exposed Cases Estimated Relative Risk Pancreatic Cancer Cohort Study Ritz et al. 1999 Male US rocket-engine workers Nonexposed 1.0 Medium exposure, ≥6 months, 15-year lag 4 1.95 (0.62-6.12)
|
From page 376... ...
376 R ef er en ce St ud y Po pu la tio ns St ud y D es ig n H ea lth O ut co m es A ss es se d A ge nt a nd E xp os ur e A ss es sm en t A na ly sis a nd A dj us tm en t C om m en ts St ee nl an d et al .
|
From page 377... ...
377 R ef er en ce St ud y Po pu la tio ns St ud y D es ig n H ea lth O ut co m es A ss es se d A ge nt a nd E xp os ur e A ss es sm en t A na ly sis a nd A dj us tm en t C om m en ts N itr ic A ci d Pr od uc tio n Co ho rt H ilt e t a l.
|
From page 378... ...
378 R ef er en ce St ud y Po pu la tio ns St ud y D es ig n H ea lth O ut co m es A ss es se d A ge nt a nd E xp os ur e A ss es sm en t A na ly sis a nd A dj us tm en t C om m en ts La ry ng ea l C an ce r C as eCo nt ro l S tu di es So sk ol ne e t al .
|
From page 379... ...
379 R ef er en ce St ud y Po pu la tio ns St ud y D es ig n H ea lth O ut co m es A ss es se d A ge nt a nd E xp os ur e A ss es sm en t A na ly sis a nd A dj us tm en t C om m en ts Ei se n et a l.
|
From page 380... ...
380 R ef er en ce St ud y Po pu la tio ns St ud y D es ig n H ea lth O ut co m es A ss es se d A ge nt a nd E xp os ur e A ss es sm en t A na ly sis a nd A dj us tm en t C om m en ts M ul tip le M ye lo m a C as eC on tr ol S tu dy M or ris e t a l.
|
From page 381... ...
HYDRAZINES AND NITRIC ACID 381 Cohort Studies Pennsylvania Sheet and Tin Mill Cohorts Mazumdar et al.
|
From page 383... ...
HYDRAZINES AND NITRIC ACID 383 was calculated on the basis of data from the Norwegian Cancer Registry, which was thought to be comprehensive for cancer diagnosis for the period in question. Exposure to asbestos was assessed through occupational-history records and was the primary exposure of interest for the study.
|
From page 384... ...
384 GULF WAR AND HEALTH Multiple Myeloma Morris et al.
|
From page 385... ...
HYDRAZINES AND NITRIC ACID 385 al.
|
From page 386... ...
386 GULF WAR AND HEALTH TABLE 9.6 Selected Epidemiologic StudiesHealth Outcomes and Exposure to Nitric Acid Reference Study Population Exposed Cases Estimated Relative Risk Respiratory Cancer (broken out below where Lung or Larynx was presented separately) Cohort Studies Mazumdar et al.
|
From page 387... ...
HYDRAZINES AND NITRIC ACID 387 Reference Study Population Exposed Cases Estimated Relative Risk Rapiti et al. 1997 Italian chemical-plant workers Exposed to acid mixtures 8 1.62 (0.81-2.92)
|
From page 388... ...
388 GULF WAR AND HEALTH Reference Study Population Exposed Cases Estimated Relative Risk Nonsubstantial 9 2.2 (1.2-6.3) Substantial 1 3.1 (0.3-28.1)
|
From page 389... ...
HYDRAZINES AND NITRIC ACID 389 Reference Study Population Exposed Cases Estimated Relative Risk Hypertensive Heart Disease (Mortality) Cohort Study Mazumdar et al.
|
From page 390... ...
390 GULF WAR AND HEALTH REFERENCES Abraham WM, Kim CS, King MM, Oliver W, Yerger L
|
From page 391... ...
HYDRAZINES AND NITRIC ACID 391 Choudhary G, Hansen H
|
From page 392... ...
392 GULF WAR AND HEALTH Goss Gilroy Inc.
|
From page 393... ...
HYDRAZINES AND NITRIC ACID 393 IRIS (Integrated Risk Information System)
|
From page 394... ...
394 GULF WAR AND HEALTH Maru GB, Bhide SV.
|
From page 395... ...
HYDRAZINES AND NITRIC ACID 395 Peters SG, Hyatt RE.
|
From page 396... ...
396 GULF WAR AND HEALTH Smith EB, Clark DA.
|
From page 397... ...
HYDRAZINES AND NITRIC ACID 397 Vernot EH, MacEwen JD, Bruner RH, Haun CC, Kinkead ER, Prentice DE, Hall A 3rd, Schmidt RE, Eason RL, Hubbard GB, Young JT.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.