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Appendix D Case Studies
Pages 116-144

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From page 116...
... Dave and C.L. Mateer, 1967, "A Preliminary Study on the Possibility of Estimating Total Atmospheric Ozone from Satellite Measurements," Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 24: 414-427.
From page 117...
... -9, -10, -11, -14, -16, and -17 satellites, the presentday Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites (POESs)
From page 118...
... New technology, being developed to mitigate this deficiency, will be available for the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite flying on the next-generation operational satellites -- the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satel lite System (NPOESS)
From page 119...
... cooperation. NASA and NOAA partnered to transfer the maturing ozone remote sensing technologies from the GSFC research environment to the National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service (NESDIS)
From page 120...
... OMI and its predecessor, Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) flying on the Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT)
From page 121...
... Laying the groundwork are the early instrument incubator activities at NASA GSFC and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and early Earth science application partnerships with NASA and EPA centered on EOS Aura data product. The proven interagency model of the NASA-NOAA partnership on SBUV/2 ozone observations shows how much can be accomplished through collaboration.
From page 122...
... The challenge is for NASA, NOAA, and the EPA to act together to develop an integrated, prioritized set of operational GEO air-quality requirements (with thresholds and objectives so that cost-benefit and CAIV3 trade-offs can be conducted; to fly a demonstration GEO air quality mission in the second half of this decade; and to allocate margin for and initiate an operational line of GEO air-quality spectrometer-imagers over the conti nental United States in the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) -R time frame.
From page 123...
... The nominal GPS system consists of 24 satellites; five ground stations located around the world to control, monitor, and track the satellites; and GPS receivers on the ground that collect the satellite signal and convert it into time and position data. The first satellite was launched in 1978, the 24th in 1994.
From page 124...
... EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR MEDIUM-RANGE WEATHER FORECASTS A Successful Environmental Satellite Data User The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) is an operational institute with strong research activity in all aspects of weather prediction and with a heavy investment in the use of satellite data.
From page 125...
... . · Dialogue and liaison between the NWP centers and space agencies are
From page 126...
... NWP centers will always want to use promising new (and possibly complex) instruments.
From page 127...
... data assimilation using satellite retrievals was reintroduced to the Northern Hemisphere interpolation system, but the impact was small. In the mid-1990s, operations changed to three-dimensional variational (3DVAR)
From page 128...
... 128 geopotential hPa 500 Standard Hemispheres. Southern and 2004.
From page 129...
... ECMWF's success as a satellite data user is evidenced by the fact that more than 99 percent of the data ingested by its NWP models is from meteorological and environmental satellites, and more than 91 percent of its model-assimilated data is satellite data (Table D.1)
From page 130...
... to exploit the huge investments in satellite data."6 6Statement by Tony Hollingsworth, from Tony Hollingsworth and Adrian Simmons, 2003, "ECMWF Experience in Using Environmental Satellites for Research and Operations," presentation to the Com mittee on Environmental Satellite Data Utilization at information collection meeting, June 2003, Madison, Wisconsin.
From page 131...
... Once work with the data begins and a path toward products or desired information is being followed, some users need to know more about how the measurements were made and about the accuracies and uncertainties of the data so that these characteristics can be reflected in the final products. All of these problems -- including the lack of centralized information about what satellite data are available and how they can be obtained, and the fact that working with the large data files is daunting for many, especially if the data need to be geolocated and processed to obtain useful fields -- constitute impediments to the use of environmental satellite data.
From page 132...
... ; sea-surface temperature; ocean fronts; color scanner data; joint analysis of AVHRR and color scanner data; marginal seas; synthetic aperture radar data; seasonal varia tion of phytoplankton; coastal discharges; upwelling; coastal plumes and coastal management; sea ice; global winds; ocean eddies; bio-optical variability; coastal upwelling; dependence of AVHRR sea-surface temperature on satellite zenith angle; bathymetry; coastal ecosystems; red tides; coastal vegetation; acquiring images with appropriate scales and resolution; radiometric corrections; and marine vegetation. DIRECT BROADCAST The NOAA POES and GOES and NASA EOS satellites all currently provide direct-broadcast capability -- direct broadcast here meaning that data acquired by satellite sensors are broadcast in real time to any ground station within range of the satellite's current position.
From page 133...
... Second, and more significant, because direct broadcast operates on a line of sight between the satellite and the ground station (as opposed to the playback of a signal recorded when the satellite is not visible) , ground stations generally acquire local and/or regional data, which they may then customize for local and/or regional applications.
From page 135...
... 135 Earth unit, bottom er; omputationalC receiv for unit, Institute (top the by electronics Barbara. operated Santa station station ground California, ground of HRPT The (HRPT)
From page 136...
... 10 is a NASA-funded, freely distributed software package that allows any ground station capable of receiving direct broadcast from Terra or Aqua satellites to produce calibrated and geolocated radiances and a variety of environmental products. IMAPP's capabilities, beyond providing rigorous sensor measurement calibra tion and geolocation, are summarized in Table D.2.
From page 137...
... NOAA and NASA teamed up to reprocess the NDVI record from its inception, eliminating sensor and orbital degradation effects, and cross-walking the time series of five sensors to eliminate radiometric differences. The resulting consistently reprocessed data set has allowed the first clear detection of decadal trends in global biospheric vegetation.12 The recent finding that global terrestrial net primary production has increased 6 percent between the 1982 and 1999 "greening of the biosphere" (Plate 8)
From page 138...
... GEOSTATIONARY OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITE (GOES) IMAGER AND SOUNDER Two satellite orbits provide unique and complementary vantage points for observ ing the environment: Sun-synchronous and geosynchronous.
From page 139...
... 139 Informa raphic Geog GIST, Montana. of System; University Positioning Queen, Global Lloyd of GPS, Courtesy infrared; IR, SOURCE: NOTES: Program.
From page 140...
... 45. The United States operates two geostationary satellites in geosynchronous orbits, over fixed equatorial positions (Hyperspectral Environmental Satellite [HES]
From page 141...
... SOURCE: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, GOES Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES) Performance and Operation Requirements Document (PORD)
From page 142...
... models.16 For Earth environmental observations, perhaps the three most important sensors to be carried by GOES-R are the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) , the Hyperspectral Environmental Satellite, and the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM)
From page 143...
... NOTES: GOES, Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite; ABI, Advanced Baseline Imager; VIS, visible; IR, infrared; VNIR, very near infrared; SWIR, short-wave infrared; LWIR, long-wave infrared; NEdT, noise-equivalentdifference temperature. ABI is the primary GOES-R cloud, land, and ocean imager.
From page 144...
... near fronts; able to resolve retrievals coastal gradients. NOTES: GOES, Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite; HES, Hyperspectral Environmental Satellite; VIS, visible; SWIR, short-wave infrared; MWIR, mid-wave infrared; LWIR, long-wave infrared; T, atmospheric vertical temperature; q, water vapor; "V," four-dimensional profiling of winds; CONUS, continental United States; CW, coastal waters; IR, infrared.


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