An Assessment of Potential Health Effects from Exposure to PAVE PAWS Low-Level Phased-Array Radiofrequency Energy (2005) / Chapter Skim
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7 Animal and Human Studies Addressing Health Effects
7 Animal and Human Studies Addressing Health Effects
Pages 110-132
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From page 110... ...
Furthermore, studies using laboratory animals are typically carried out at exposure levels much higher than found in the enviromment. There are questions as to the applicability of these laboratory study conditions to the low RF levels experienced by humans exposed to the PAVE PAWS signal.
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From page 111... ...
There are a few human studies investigating possible indirect and nongenotoxic effects relevant to cancer that will be discussed in the section on immunological and endocrine function studies. CANCER—STUDIES IN ANIMAL MODELS Several different approaches and animal models have been used in laboratory animal cancer studies.
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From page 112... ...
However, a given model is usually limited to evaluating a specific type of cancer. Because current knowledge on possible biological mechanisms of the RF exposures is limited, other than thermal effects of high doses, the applicability of these studies to cancer development in humans exposed to RF may also be limited.
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From page 113... ...
Although increased survival of the host, as well as inconsistent evidence of either augmentation or suppression of immune function has been reported in response to thermal levels of RF exposure, no such effects were observed in studies using lower levels of exposure (Salford and others 1993, 915 MHz, up to 8.3 W/kg; Higashikubo and others 1999, 836 and 847 MHz, 0.75 W/kg)
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From page 114... ...
, only inconsistent evidence of exposure effects have been reported, and those have not been confinned in similar or replicate studies. IIUMAN BEHAVIORAL STUDIES Most of the RF behavioral studies m humans have focused on frequencies associated with cellular telephony (800/900 to 1800 MHz)
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From page 115... ...
Behavioral effects of RF in the non-thermal range, however, are more difficult to identify. Studies usually conducted in mice or rats and using nonthermal levels of RF exposure (and even some using thermal levels of exposure)
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From page 116... ...
Distuption of complex behavioral performance in several animal species, under diverse exposure conditions, has been used as a basis for setting human exposure guidelines since 1982. The threshold SAR selected to establish the standard was chosen at 4 W/kg, a level based upon thermal effects and often (but not always)
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From page 117... ...
; however, these have all been conducted at exposure levels in which thermal increases would be expected to the tissue. Blood Brain Barrier Studies Using RF exposures of 2450 MHz, Frey and others (1975)
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From page 118... ...
Fntze and others (1997) also found BBB permeability changes in rats consistent with thermal effects.
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From page 119... ...
is the center frequency of the PAVE PAWS radar. Those studies in which effects have been observed in immune-system parameters or endocrine function are predominantly at exposure levels at 2450 MHz that are clearly in the thermal RF range (Gildersleeve and others 1988; Lu and others 1985, 1986, 1987; Michaelson and others 1961)
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From page 120... ...
The reports of permeability changes in the BBB at SARs <4 W/kg generally are not useful in arriving at exposure guidelines sauce the effects at these low levels have not been confirmed and no dose-response relationship has been established. RF studies investigating hematologic, immunologic, and endocrinologic endpoints in animals exposed to RF have produced both positive and negative results.
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From page 121... ...
. At reduced exposure levels of 2450 MHz RF, lower than those causing malformahons but still thermal in nature (-4-5 W/kg)
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From page 122... ...
Examined in total, the available literature does not indicate any consistent effect of acute or chronic RF exposure on reproduchon and development in animals unless significant temperature increases are produced. There are no human laboratory studies addressing this area of investigation.
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From page 123... ...
indicating depressed dopamine levels (and not to be confused with the Toler cancer studies noted earlier) deserve to be replicated utilizing exposure patterns more representative of the PAVE PAWS system than those used by Toler and others.
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From page 124... ...
1999. Pulsed highfrequency electromagnetic field affects hum m sleep md sleep eletroencephalogram.
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Kuster 2004. Whole-body exposme to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter ~adial-maze pe~fommmce in rats.
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1999. Radiotrequency electromagnetic fields have no effect on fhe m vivo proliferation of the 9L brain tumor.
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2001. Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on esponse t mes m hum ms, Neumreport 11:413415.
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1996. Effects of pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic fields on human sleep.
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2001. Noeffects of pulsedradio frequency electromagnetic fields on melatonm, cmtisol, md selected markets of fhe immmme sysem m man.
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1997. Lymphomas m Ev-Piml trmsgenic mice exposed to pulsed 900 MHz electromagnetic fields.
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2000. Hmm m sleep EEG under the infuence of pulsed radiofequency electromagnetic fields.
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2001. The effects of 3 0 MHz radiofrequency radiation on the induction or promotion of brain tumors md of her neoplasms in rats.
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