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From page 153... ... 153 Water Allocation and Pricing in Agriculture of Iran Abbas Keshavarz, Shahram Ashraft1, Nader Hydari1, Morteza Pouran1, and Ezzat-Allah Farzaneh1 ABSTRACT Limited water resources and world population growth have caused a shortage of agricultural products in some countries. Currently, this limitation is one of the most serious problems in Middle Eastern countries, especially arid and semiarid countries. Read the entire page →
From page 154... ... 154 WATER CONSERVATION, REUSE, AND RECYCLING INTRODUCTION Iran is located in the Northern Hemisphere, between 25° and 40° N and 44° to 63° E Agriculture plays an important role in the economy of Iran. Read the entire page →
From page 155... ... WATER ALLOCATION AND PRICING IN AGRICULTURE OF IRAN 155 TABLE 1 Distribution of Precipitation in Iran Annual precipitation (mm) Read the entire page →
From page 156... ... 156 WATER CONSERVATION, REUSE, AND RECYCLING thousands of years. The traditional method of groundwater extraction is Qanat, which brings water to the surface by gravity. Read the entire page →
From page 157... ... WATER ALLOCATION AND PRICING IN AGRICULTURE OF IRAN 157 TABLE 3 National Farm-size Distribution (Irrigated and Dryland Agriculture) Total Area Area Percentage Average Size Size (ha) Read the entire page →
From page 158... ... 158 WATER CONSERVATION, REUSE, AND RECYCLING years (1999-2002) , particularly in 2002, drought has seriously threatened some parts of the country, and agricultural production decreased about 8-10 percent. Read the entire page →
From page 159... ... WATER ALLOCATION AND PRICING IN AGRICULTURE OF IRAN 159 EVALUATION OF WATER USED IN AGRICULTURE Water use in agriculture in Iran may be evaluated in terms of irrigation efficiency and agricultural water productivity. Irrigation Efficiency First of all the authors acknowledge that the discussions in this section are based on personal communication with irrigation experts and research studies in the country that might differ in some ways from official reports. Read the entire page →
From page 160... ... 160 WATER CONSERVATION, REUSE, AND RECYCLING TABLE 8 Ranges of Irrigation Efficiency in some Provinces in Iran No Provinces Range of Irrigation Efficiency (%) 1 West Azerbaijan 28-41 2 Ardabil 28-39 3 Isfahan 28-42 4 Boshehr 24-30 5 Chaor-Mahhal-Bottiari 30-39 6 Korasan 30-37 7 Kozestan 27-37 8 Zanjan 25-38 9 Semnan 30-40 10 Gazvin 27-38 11 Kordestan 25-40 12 Glolestan 28-40 13 Gillan 38-54 14 Mazanderan 37-57 15 Markazi 29-39 16 Hamedan 27-38 17 Yazd 30-40 management applied for the distribution of water to the farms. Read the entire page →
From page 161... ... WATER ALLOCATION AND PRICING IN AGRICULTURE OF IRAN 161 Half of the fully irrigated areas are equipped with modern irrigation systems and operated by governmental organizations. Irrigation efficiency in such systems is very low and is measured at 20-30 percent. Read the entire page →
From page 162... ... 162 WATER CONSERVATION, REUSE, AND RECYCLING efficiency is expected to increase by 50 to 60 percent. As a result, the areas of these lands may increase from 2.5 Mha to 3.5 and 4.3 Mha, respectively. Read the entire page →
From page 163... ... WATER ALLOCATION AND PRICING IN AGRICULTURE OF IRAN 163 cent. The agriculture sector has produced 80 percent of the food supply in the past decade. Read the entire page →
From page 164... ... 164 WATER CONSERVATION, REUSE, AND RECYCLING • Drafting and completion of all food safety related standards to improve the health status of society. • Implementing various policies, including determination of a suitable model for sustainable development. Read the entire page →
From page 165... ... WATER ALLOCATION AND PRICING IN AGRICULTURE OF IRAN 165 TABLE 11 Demand for Major Agricultural Products, Comparing Production in 1998 with Projected Demand in 2020 Commodity Production (1988) (million tons) Read the entire page →
From page 166... ... 166 WATER CONSERVATION, REUSE, AND RECYCLING TABLE 12 Main Agricultural Criteria of Iran at Index year (2000) and Short and Long Horizons Year Criterion 2000 2005 2020 Population (million) Read the entire page →
From page 167... ... WATER ALLOCATION AND PRICING IN AGRICULTURE OF IRAN 167 • Introduction of suitable cropping patterns (relative to water productivity) Read the entire page →
From page 168... ... 168 WATER CONSERVATION, REUSE, AND RECYCLING logical Organization, and other interested organizations, as well as contributing universities. These consultations occurred under the leadership and supervision of an expert committee. Read the entire page →
From page 169... ... WATER ALLOCATION AND PRICING IN AGRICULTURE OF IRAN 169 Priorities for Allocation and Water Pricing for Optimum Use of Water As already noted, the major consumer of water (more than 93 percent) in Iran is the agriculture sector. Read the entire page →
From page 170... ... 170 WATER CONSERVATION, REUSE, AND RECYCLING • Education as the basis for improvement of the methods. Efforts should be focused on education and extension to farmers for optimum use of water and increase in water productivity considering soil fertility, sustainable agriculture, and other environmental challenges. Read the entire page →
From page 171... ... WATER ALLOCATION AND PRICING IN AGRICULTURE OF IRAN 171 3. New methods for enhancing stakeholder participation in institutions and in defining water policies and water management. Read the entire page →
From page 172... ... 172 WATER CONSERVATION, REUSE, AND RECYCLING Agricultural (Biological) Approaches • Selecting drought resistant crop varieties. Read the entire page →

From page 153...

... 153 Water Allocation and Pricing in Agriculture of Iran Abbas Keshavarz, Shahram Ashraft1, Nader Hydari1, Morteza Pouran1, and Ezzat-Allah Farzaneh1 ABSTRACT Limited water resources and world population growth have caused a shortage of agricultural products in some countries. Currently, this limitation is one of the most serious problems in Middle Eastern countries, especially arid and semiarid countries.