Skip to main content

Currently Skimming:


Pages 217-230

The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.


From page 217...
... 217 Integrated Approach to Water and Wastewater Management for Tehran, Iran Massoud Tajrishy and Ahmad Abrishamchi ABSTRACT Tehran, with a population of over 7 million, is experiencing perhaps the fastest urban development of all Asian cities. The population growth in the next decade will place immense demands on the city's water resources.
From page 218...
... 218 WATER CONSERVATION, REUSE, AND RECYCLING insurmountably costly to use. Such is the case in Tehran.
From page 219...
... INTEGRATED APPROACH TO WATER AND WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT 219 SOURCES OF WATER The traditional method of providing water in Tehran, as well as in other parts of Iran and the Middle East, is by means of "qanats," which are smalldiameter, hand-excavated tunnels that slope gently upward from the plain to tap the groundwater at higher levels near the foothills of the mountains. Before 1927, 26 strings of qanat with a total flow rate of 700 liters/second had been supplying the city's water needs.
From page 220...
... 220 FI G U R E 1 Sc he m at ic m ap o f T eh ra n dr in ki ng w at er re se rv oi rs , d ee p w el ls, w at er tr ea tm en t p la nt s ( W TP s)
From page 221...
... INTEGRATED APPROACH TO WATER AND WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT 221 TABLE 1 Proportion of Water Supplied by Groundwater (GW) and Surface Water (SW)
From page 222...
... 222 WATER CONSERVATION, REUSE, AND RECYCLING TABLE 2 Trends in Population Growth, Total Water Usage, and Daily Per Capita Water Usage of the City of Tehran 1965 1975 1985 1995 2000 Population (1000) 2700 4500 6000 6600 7200 Total Water Usage (Mm3)
From page 223...
... INTEGRATED APPROACH TO WATER AND WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT 223 FIGURE 3 Historical groundwater level changes in the city of Tehran. the seepage pits within the city limit is about 20 m.
From page 224...
... 224 WATER CONSERVATION, REUSE, AND RECYCLING pumping wells and a proper collection system have been built to transport and dispose of the pumped groundwater to keep adequate distance between the seepage pits and the water table. In some areas, these facilities have resulted in differential soil settlement, causing additional structural and environmental damage.
From page 225...
... INTEGRATED APPROACH TO WATER AND WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT 225 FIGURE 4 Population increase in the suburbs of Tehran from 1950 to 1990. 1950 1980 1960 1990 Karaj Varamin Varamin Tehran Karaj Tehran Tehran Tehran Karaj Karaj Shahryar Varamin Shahryar Shahryar Varamin Wastewater Reuse Reclaimed wastewater is a reliable source of water that must be taken into account in formulating a sustainable water policy.
From page 226...
... 226 WATER CONSERVATION, REUSE, AND RECYCLING utilize more than 600 Mm3 of wastewater produced yearly. This makes water reuse within the city a promising alternative.
From page 227...
... INTEGRATED APPROACH TO WATER AND WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT 227 Wastewater injection into local aquifers at selected sites within the basin should further be investigated in order to improve aquifer recharge, which has decreased continuously because of growth of urbanized areas and drainage of increasing volumes to the Tehran basin. Administrative and Technical Measures Conservation is achieved through a combination of efforts that includes legislation, pricing, incentives, coalition building, research, and education.
From page 228...
... 228 WATER CONSERVATION, REUSE, AND RECYCLING Breakage and leakages of trunk mains, distribution mains, communication pipes, and illegal connections account for the rest. CONCLUDING REMARKS The tremendous speed of population growth in the city of Tehran has raised serious concerns regarding the city's sustainability due to the short supply of water resources and the lack of an integrated approach to its water and wastewater problems.
From page 229...
... INTEGRATED APPROACH TO WATER AND WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT 229 Jamab Consulting Engineers, National Water Master Plan- Tehran, Water Resources Organization of Iran, 1999. Mahab Ghodss Consulting Engineering, Optimum Utilization of Groundwater Resources in a Heavily Exploited Aquifer of Tehran, Technical Report, 2001.

Key Terms



This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More information on Chapter Skim is available.