Advancing the Nation's Health Needs NIH Research Training Programs (2005) / Chapter Skim
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2 Basic Biomedical Sciences Research
2 Basic Biomedical Sciences Research
Pages 18-35
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From page 18... ...
Biomedical researchers supply many of the acterization of the signals that cause stem cells to differennew ideas that can be translated into potential therapies and tiate into specific cell types. Thus a workforce trained in subsequently tested in clinical studies, while clinical re- basic biomedical research will be needed to apply current searchers may suggest novel mechanisms of disease that knowledge and that gained in the future toward the imcan then be tested in basic studies using animal models.
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From page 19... ...
In addition, time in graduate school biology programs. Percentage-wise, some individuals with M.D.s but without Ph.D.s have ac this loss of students is greater than in other S&E fields but is quired the necessary training to do basic biomedical research.
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From page 20... ...
20 ADVANCING THE NATION'S HEALTH NEEDS 60,000 50,000 40,000 Students of 30,000 Number 20,000 10,000 0 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Years Full- Time Students First Year Total Graduate Enrollment FIGURE 2-1 First-year and total graduate enrollment in the biomedical sciences at Ph.D.-granting institutions, 19802002. SOURCE: National Science Foundation Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering.
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From page 21... ...
Notably, undergraduate and graduate students and postdoctorates on since 1986 much of the increase in the number of doctorates their career goals and found that students were aware of and has come from increased participation by women. In 1970 concerned about the problem young people were having in only 16 percent of doctorates were awarded to women; by establishing an independent research career.
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From page 22... ...
By contrast, of Ph.D.s who dependent investigators, it may not significantly affect their received their degrees in the late 1980s and completed career paths since postdoctoral training is required of almost postdoctorates in the 1990s, 80 percent spent more than two 6Goldman, E
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From page 23... ...
If are more fully explored in Chapter 9, Career Progression.) national security policies were to limit the flow of foreign The above discussion applies only to U.S.
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From page 24... ...
appointments increased by 45.1 percent and 38.9 percent, The increases in industrial employment may be due to the respectively. unavailability of faculty positions, but is more likely fueled The longer time to independent research status is also seen by the R&D growth in pharmaceutical and other medical by looking at the age distributions of tenure-track faculty industries from $9.3 billion in 1992 to $24.6 in 2001 (conover the past two decades (see Figure 2-7)
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From page 25... ...
BASIC BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES RESEARCH 25 3000 2500 2000 1500 Number 1000 500 0 27 - 29 - 31 - 33 - 35 - 37 - 39 - 41 - 43 - 45 - 47 - 49 - 51 - 53 - 55 - 57 - 59 - 61 - 63 - 65 - 67 - 69 - 71 - 73 - 75 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 Age Cohorts 1985 1993 2001 FIGURE 2-7 Age distribution of biomedical tenured and tenure-track faculty, 1985, 1993, and 2001. SOURCE: National Science Foundation Survey of Doctorate Recipients.
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From page 26... ...
Throughout this report Ph.D.s are considered to be researchers or potential researchers, but no such assumption is THE NATIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE AWARD made of M.D.s because they could be practitioners. The PROGRAM AND BIOMEDICAL TRAINING SUPPORT above discussion, in particular, applies only to Ph.D.s in the fields listed in Appendix C, but it does not take into consid The National Research Service Award Program eration physicians who are doing basic biomedical research.
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From page 27... ...
NIH in its response to the 2000 support, the portion of federal funds devoted to postdoctoral assessment of the NRSA program14 has stated that research training grants and fellowships has diminished since the grants and trainee/fellowship awards are not used for the 1970s. In 1995, 1,966 (or 45.3 percent)
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From page 28... ...
TABLE 2-2 NRSA Predoctoral Trainee and Fellowship Support in the Basic Biomedical Sciences 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002a Traineeships (T32) b 1,046 4,834 4,996 4,648 4,495 5,083 5,099 4,171 Fellowships (F30, F31)
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From page 29... ...
An example given in the eleventh Since the beginning of the NRSA program, NIH has required NRSA study17 shows that in 1999 the NIH provided almost predoctoral training grants in the basic biomedical sciences $9,000 more to research assistants and their institutions to be "multidisciplinary" in order to expose students to a (largely in the form of indirect cost payments to universities) range of biomedical fields and even to other branches of than to NRSA trainees or fellows.
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From page 30... ...
For example, one instituNRSA trainees and fellows were more likely to be success- tion uses MSTP funds to support only 10 students during ful in competing for grants and had better publication records their first year and 2 during their second year in medical than either of the other groups. school, but there are 60 students in the MSTP program, with The NRSA program is essential to training in the bio- the remaining 48 receiving institutional or research grant medical sciences not only for these and other direct reasons; support.
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From page 31... ...
Only the Ph.D. group applied for NIH postdoctoral ing research careers, and their recent publication records sugfellowships at a higher rate, but the MSTP success rate was gest that members of all cohorts continue to be productive about the same as for the Ph.D.
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From page 32... ...
Even with the inclusion of those unem- of the Research Workforce)
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From page 33... ...
The Given their special knowledge of human disease, physicians percentage of women in this category is significantly greater lend a unique perspective to such research. than their male counterparts, and there is a fear that some The committee's recommendations for future training in talented researchers may be lost because of the difficulty of the basic biomedical sciences are presented below, along balancing a career in science and raising a family.
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From page 34... ...
for extended periods of time, including permanent residence. Although two earlier National Academies committees23,24 Although manpower models have been developed in this have recommended that some NIH research funding be report, they are not particularly useful in assessing the role shifted to training grants and fellowships, our committee has of NRSA support in particular, as this represents only a small concluded -- based on the uncertainty about the rate of future fraction of the total training support in the biomedical sci- growth in employment opportunities in industry, and perences.
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From page 35... ...
However, in recognition of the high cost health services research but not at the expense of current of the MSTP program and budget constraints, the committee MSTP support for basic biomedical training. Today's appli- recommends a 20 percent increase as a significant and prucant pool for MSTP positions can easily accommodate a dent investment.
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