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1 Introduction
Pages 5-17

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From page 5...
... It curred decades before its application, often with little or no also makes recommendations on how the National Research obvious expectation that an application to health care might Service Award program in particular can optimally contribdevelop. Who could have imagined, for example, that being ute to overall training efforts for the biomedical, social and able to orient hydrogen nuclei in a magnetic field would lead behavioral, and clinical sciences.
From page 6...
... Research areas such as cancer search.6 and pulmonary and vascular disorders were identified by leg- Specific funding targets for training in health services and islation for increased funding, and the eleventh institute on primary care research were established with the Health Rethe NIH campus, the National Institute on Aging (NIA) , was search Extension Act of 1985, when Congress required that established in 1974.
From page 7...
... Other additions While the education and training of graduate students or have included the Post-Baccalaureate Research Education postdoctoral researchers prepare individuals for research caProgram Award, MARC Faculty Predoctoral Fellowships, reers, in the 1980s NIH recognized the need for programs to MARC Faculty Senior Fellowships, MARC Visiting Scien- help individuals establish strong and productive research tist Fellowships, and MARC Ancillary Training Activities. careers.
From page 8...
... It has done so through a combina- increases in the NIH budget will have on research training or tion of individual fellowship awards and institutional train- even research in general in the future. ing grants to some 465 universities, research institutes, and Institutional training grants, which funded the education teaching hospitals.
From page 9...
... Fellows at the predoctoral and The NRSA program accounts for only 22 percent of postdoctoral levels develop their own proposals and, once an NIH's total funding for graduate education in the biomedi cal, behavioral, and clinical sciences. Nevertheless, the pro 13 National Research Council.
From page 10...
... At the search. postdoctoral level, regardless of whether trainees were apWhile NRSA grants are awarded with the expressed purpose pointed to institutional training grants or had received indiof providing research training, not all supported graduate vidual fellowship awards, they were more likely to pursue students or postdoctorates actually pursue research careers research careers than their colleagues without formal NIH as independent investigators or researchers.
From page 11...
... STUDY ORIGINS AND RELATED ACTIVITIES · NRSA trainees and fellows appeared to be more likely to move into faculty or research positions. About 37 percent In the legislation that established the NRSA program, of the NRSA recipients held faculty positions seven to 8 Congress decreed that awards be made only in areas for years past the doctorate, compared to 24 and 16 percent, which "there is a need for personnel," and it directed that the respectively, for their non-NRSA-supported counterparts at National Academy of Sciences provide periodic guidance on NRSA institutions and non-NRSA institutions.
From page 12...
... While recominterpreting the research areas to include the basic biomedi- mendations on the number of positions were made for each cal sciences, the behavioral and social sciences, the clinical of the four broad fields -- the basic biomedical sciences, the sciences and health services research and by providing train- social and behavioral sciences, the clinical sciences, and ing levels in each field. This committee, as well as later com- health services research -- the committee in 1978 did draw mittees, noted the difficulties of making personnel projec- attention to subfields in the biomedical sciences, such as toxitions on the basis of the available data; it singled out in cology and biostatistics, and presented reasons why they particular the lack of data on medical doctors doing either should have increased support.
From page 13...
... However, additional research training in the basic biomedical sciences. recommendations for increasing the number of NRSA trainIn the social and behavioral sciences, the 1983 and 1985 ing grants and fellowships in the behavioral and clinical scireports restated the need for increased training at the post- ences, oral health, nursing, and health services research were doctoral level in clinically related subfields and the return of not acted on; this prompted Congress to request a report on predoctoral support to the 1981 level.
From page 14...
... 1986. Effects of the National Research and to set up institutional training grants for innovative Service Award Program on Biomedical Research and Teaching Careers.
From page 15...
... The be too high and called for restraining the rate of growth in NIGMS in particular announced new guidelines in 1997 for the number of graduate students in the life sciences.33 The biomedical sciences graduate programs, so interested train- report also suggested several policy options for the federal ees might be able to take internships in industry as well as government to consider, such as restricting the number of gain experience in teaching. In addition, graduate programs graduate students supported by research grants and emphawere urged to supply trainees with information on the career sizing research training via training grants and fellowships.
From page 16...
... These courses are The significant growth in the number of postdoctorates in targeted at not only trainees but also established scientists the biomedical sciences may have been fueled in part by the seeking to develop interdisciplinary research projects. The growth in the NIH budget.
From page 17...
... which has a well-established track record for launching phy For this report a life-table model was developed to simu- sicians into outstanding research careers. The program also late the changing characteristics of the research workforce in serves to facilitate training in specific research areas, such as the biomedical, behavioral, and clinical sciences and to as- molecular and cell biology and biophysics.


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