Assessment of the Scientific Information for the Radiation Exposure Screening and Education Program (2005) / Chapter Skim
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Glossary
Glossary
Pages 387-404
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Glossary Absolute risk: The excess risk attributed to irradiation and usually expressed as the numeric difference between irradiated and nonirradiated populations (for example, 1 excess case of cancer/1 million people irradiated annually for each rad)
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388 GLOSSARY Aerosol: Extremely small liquid or solid particles suspended in air. Alpha particle: An energetic nucleus of a helium atom, consisting of two protons and two neutrons, that is emitted spontaneously from nuclei in decay of some radionuclides; also called alpha radiation and sometimes shortened to alpha (for example, "alpha-emitting radionuclide")
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GLOSSARY 389 Basal cells: A cell in the epidermis that give rise to more-specialized cells. Basal-cell carcinoma: A malignant growth originating from basal cells that is most common in fair-skinned or sun-exposed areas; the most common form of skin cancer.
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390 GLOSSARY Chance: A situation in which something happens unpredictably without discernable human intention or observable cause. Chronic exposure: An exposure that occurred over a long period of time- weeks, months, or years.
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GLOSSARY 391 the degree to which a predictive relationship exists between variables. Corre lation may be positive (both variables increase or decrease together)
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392 GLOSSARY Element: A substance that cannot be separated by ordinary chemical methods. Elements are distinguished by the numbers of protons in the nuclei of their atoms.
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GLOSSARY 393 External exposure: Radiation exposure from a source outside the body. The term refers to radiation, such as gamma rays and x rays, that can penetrate human skin and thus cause biological damage from outside the body.
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394 GLOSSARY eliminated during the first hour. Of the radioactivity that remained, half would be expected to be eliminated during the second hour.
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GLOSSARY 395 Hyperparathyroidism: Disorder that is characterized by the excessive pro duction of parathyroid hormones. This results in the body not being able to regulate the concentrations of calcium and phosphorus properly.
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: Continuing followup of the population exposed to atomic-bomb detonations in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, and their prog eny; conducted by the Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF)
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GLOSSARY 397 implies that doubling the dose will double the calculated excess risk. For low radiation doses and dose rates, there are large uncertainties about what the true risks to humans and how they relate to dose.
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National Research Council (NRC) : The principal operating agency of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering to serve the federal government and other organizations.
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GLOSSARY 399 Nuclear weapon: A weapon that derives its explosive force from nuclear fu sion or nuclear fission reactions. Occupational radiation exposure: The radiation exposure of or dose to a person in the course of employment in which individual's assigned duties involve exposure to radiation and to radioactive materials.
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See also ionizing radiation. Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF)
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GLOSSARY 401 ies to have an association with radiation exposure. A statement that a cancer is radiogenic does not imply that radiation is the only cause of the cancer but rather that radiation has been shown to be one of its causes.
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402 GLOSSARY Roentgen: The special name for the conventional unit of exposure; 1 R = 2.58 × 104 coulomb per kilogram (C kg1)
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GLOSSARY 403 Thyroid dose: The amount (or an estimate of the amount) of radiation, or energy, absorbed by the thyroid gland.
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404 GLOSSARY total amount of energy released over a long period by the short-lived progeny in equilibrium with 100 pCi of radon.
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