WIC Food Packages Time for a Change (2006) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix E Cost Calculations
Appendix E Cost Calculations
Pages 314-354
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From page 314... ...
E COST CALCULATIONS F or the cost analyses presented in this report, the committee conducted detailed analyses of nationally representative pricing data for foods in the current and revised WIC food packages. The details, not presented in body of the report, are presented in this appendix.
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From page 315... ...
APPENDIX E 315 · Table E-5 Estimated Program Costs for Food per Month Using Re vised Packages (2002) , 352 In addition to the assumptions listed in Tables E-1 and E-2, several assumptions were used to distribute mother/infant pairs by the feeding method used.
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From page 316... ...
316 WIC FOOD PACKAGES These percentages are estimates of what package use might be for the revised packages. An additional term, exclusively breast-fed, is used among lactation professionals.
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From page 317... ...
APPENDIX E 317 costs with some shifting in categories. One such evaluation assumed the following: · For infants age 0 through 3.9 months, there would be a 20 percent shift in infants from fully formula-fed to fully breast-fed; · For infants age 1 through 3.9 months, there would be a 30 percent shift from partially breast-fed to fully breast-fed; · For infants age 4 through 5.9 months, there would be a 10 percent shift from fully formula-fed to partially breast-fed, and a 30 percent shift from partially breast-fed to fully breast-fed; and · For infants age 6 through 11.9 months, there would be an 8 percent shift from fully formula-fed to partially breast-fed, and a 30 percent shift from partially breast-fed to fully breast-fed.
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From page 318... ...
318 WIC FOOD PACKAGES TABLE E-1 Bases of Assumptions Used in Nutrient and Cost Analyses of Food Packages for Infants Assumption used in Fooda Nutrient Analysesb Formula Current and Revised Packages I and II Milk-based formula (versus soy-based formula) Weighted mean of: Enfamil with Iron (Mead Johnson)
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From page 319... ...
APPENDIX E 319 Type of Data Considered Cost Analysesa,c as Basis of Assumption Source of Dataa Container sizes: na, used Oliveira et al., 2001 cost per fl oz data Representative of market Oliveira et al., 2001 share Market share within WIC Oliveira et al., 2001 program, 2001 Cost per fl oz data Oliveira et al., 2001 Equal weighting of: Representative of likely ACNielsen Homescan, Frozen concentrate, participant choices and 2001 612 fl oz container: state agency restrictions Shelf-stable, 3248 fl oz container; and Same as for nutrient Representative of likely Assumption based on age analyses participant choices of participants Same as for nutrient Nutritional and AAP, 2004 analyses developmental appropriateness Representative of Assumption for analyses nutritional content Weighted mean (for total Representative of ACNielsen Homescan, of 6 mo) of: developmental stages and 2001 · Strained (stage 1)
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From page 320... ...
320 WIC FOOD PACKAGES TABLE E-1 Continued Assumption used in Fooda Nutrient Analysesb Baby food, vegetables Revised Package II Vegetable(s) as the only major ingredient(s)
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From page 321... ...
APPENDIX E 321 Type of Data Considered Cost Analysesa,c as Basis of Assumption Source of Dataa Same as for nutrient Nutritional and AAP, 2004 analyses developmental appropriateness Representative of Assumption for analyses nutritional content Weighted mean (for total Representative of ACNielsen Homescan, of 6 mo) of: developmental stages and 2001 · Strained (stage 1)
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From page 322... ...
322 WIC FOOD PACKAGES TABLE E-1 Continued Assumption used in Fooda Nutrient Analysesb Baby food, meats Revised Package II-BF Meat as the only major ingredient(s) g Strained (stage 1)
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From page 323... ...
APPENDIX E 323 Type of Data Considered Cost Analysesa ,c as Basis of Assumption Source of Dataa Same as for nutrient Nutritional and AAP, 2004 analyses developmental appropriateness Representative of Reflects available data nutritional content Weighted mean (for total Representative of ACNielsen Homescan, of 6 mo) of: nutritional and 2001 · Strained (stage 1)
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From page 324... ...
324 WIC FOOD PACKAGES TABLE E-2 Bases of Assumptions Used in Nutrient and Cost Analyses of Food Packages for Children and Women Assumption used in Fooda Nutrient Analysesb,c Fruits and Vegetables Juice Current and Revised Packages Equal weighting of: Apple juice; and Orange juice Apple juice Current and Revised Packages Reconstituted from frozen Vitamin C-rich Orange juice Current and Revised Packages Reconstituted from frozen Not fortified Fruits Fruits, fresh Revised Packages Equal weighting of: Apples; Oranges; and Bananas
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From page 325... ...
APPENDIX E 325 Type of Data Considered Cost Analysesa as Basis of Assumption Source of Dataa Same as for nutrient Representative of likely Assumption for analyses analyses participant choices Representative of Assumption for analyses nutritional content Equal weighting of: Representative of likely ACNielsen Homescan, Frozen concentrate, participant choices within 2001 612 fl oz container; state agency restrictions and Canned, 3248 fl oz container Same as for nutrient Assumption for analyses analyses Representative of Assumption for analyses nutritional content Weighted mean of: Market share within likely ACNielsen Homescan, Frozen concentrate, state agency restrictions 2001 612 fl oz container, 75%; and Canned, 3646 fl oz container, 25% Not fortified or assumed Representative of likely Assumption for analyses not fortified from state agency restrictions available data Container sizes: na, used ERS, 2004b cost per pound data Assumptions for some types of analyses were based on data from a standard reference: FNS, 1984a, 1984b Same as for nutrient Representative of consumer Assumptions for analyses analyses purchases and were based on data from consumption data various sources: Krebs Smith et al., 1997; Putnam and Allshouse, continues
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From page 326... ...
326 WIC FOOD PACKAGES TABLE E-2 Continued Assumption used in Fooda Nutrient Analysesb,c Fruits, canned Revised Packages Juice pack or unsweetened Not drained (i.e., packing liquid utilized) Equal weighting of: Applesauce; Peaches; and Pineapple Vegetables Vegetables, fresh Current and Revised Packages Current Package VII Carrots
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From page 327... ...
APPENDIX E 327 Type of Data Considered Cost Analysesa as Basis of Assumption Source of Dataa 1999; Smiciklas-Wright et al., 2002; Cotton et al., 2004; Reed et al., 2004 Container sizes: na, used Nominal container size of ERS, 2004b cost per pound data 15 oz used in some types Assumptions for some of analyses types of analyses were based on data from a standard reference: FNS, 1984a, 1984b Same as for nutrient Representative of likely Assumption for analyses analyses participant choices (i.e., participants are likely to choose juice pack rather than water pack) na Representative of likely Assumption for analyses participant practices Same as for nutrient Representative of consumer Assumptions for analyses analyses purchases and were based on data from consumption data several sources: Krebs Smith et al., 1997; Putnam and Allshouse, 1999; Smiciklas-Wright et al., 2002; Cotton et al., 2004; Reed et al., 2004 Container sizes: na, used ERS, 2004b cost per pound data Assumptions for some types of analyses were based on data from a standard reference: FNS, 1984a, 1984b Same as for nutrient Representative of likely Assumption for analyses analyses participant choices (i.e., participants are likely to choose fresh carrots rather than canned)
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From page 328... ...
328 WIC FOOD PACKAGES TABLE E-2 Continued Assumption used in Fooda Nutrient Analysesb,c Revised Packages Equal weighting of: Carrots; Tomatoes; and Green beans Vegetables, canned Revised Packages Regulard Drained Equal weighting of: Carrots; Tomatoes; and Green beans Milk and Alternatives Milk Current and Revised Packages Weighted mean of: Maximum allowance as milk, 50% (see ) ; and Milk with maximum of cheese, yogurt, and tofu allowed as substitutes for milk, 50% (see )
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From page 329... ...
APPENDIX E 329 Type of Data Considered Cost Analysesa as Basis of Assumption Source of Dataa Same as for nutrient Representative of consumer Assumptions for analyses analyses purchases and were based on data from consumption data several sources: Krebs Smith et al., 1997; Putnam and Allshouse, 1999; Smiciklas-Wright et al., 2002; Cotton et al., 2004; Reed et al., 2004 Container sizes: na, used Nominal container size of ERS, 2004b cost per pound data 14.5 oz used in some Assumptions for some types of analyses types of analyses were based on data from a standard reference: FNS, 1984a, 1984b Same as for nutrient Representative of likely Assumption for analyses analyses state agency restrictions na Representative of likely Assumption for analyses participant practices Same as for nutrient Representative of consumer Assumptions for analyses analyses purchases and were based on data from consumption data several sources: Krebs Smith et al., 1997; Putnam and Allshouse, 1999; Smiciklas-Wright et al., 2002; Cotton et al., 2004; Reed et al., 2004 Container size weighting: ACNielsen Homescan, Gallon, 75%; and 2001 Half gallon, 25% Same as for nutrient Representative of likely Assumption for analyses analyses participant choices Same as for nutrient Representative of likely Assumption for analyses analyses participant choices continues
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From page 330... ...
330 WIC FOOD PACKAGES TABLE E-2 Continued Assumption used in Fooda Nutrient Analysesb,c Revised Packages Whole milk (3.54% milk fat) only for 1-y-old children 2 y and above, equal weighting of: Reduced-fat, 2% milk fat; Low-fat, 1% milk fat; and Nonfat, Skim Plainf Revised Packages for Women Weighted mean of: Milk, 90%; and Soy beverage, 10% Cheese Current and Revised Packages Equal weighting of: American cheese, process;e Cheddar cheese, natural; Monterey Jack cheese, natural; and Mozzarella cheese, part skim milk Yogurt Revised Packages Women, equal weighting of: Low-fat, 1% milk fat; and Nonfat Children, low-fat (1% milk fat)
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From page 331... ...
APPENDIX E 331 Type of Data Considered Cost Analysesa as Basis of Assumption Source of Dataa Same as for nutrient AAP recommendation AAP, 2004 analyses Same as for nutrient AHA recommendations AHA, 2004 analyses Representative of likely Assumption for analyses participant choices Same as for nutrient Representative of likely Assumption for analyses analyses national and state agency restrictions Same as for nutrient Representative of likely Wenrich and Cason, 2004 analyses participant choices Container size: 16 oz ACNielsen Homescan, 2001 Market purchase weighting Representative of likely ACNielsen Homescan, of: participant choices within 2001 American Cheddar available data cheese, natural; and specifications for market Mozzarella cheese share Container sizes: 1632 oz ACNielsen Homescan, 2001 Same as for nutrient Representative of likely Assumption for analyses analyses participant choices Children, equal weighting Minimal effect of weighting ACNielsen Homescan, of: on pricing -- calculated 2001 Low-fat, 1% milk fat; same as for women and Nonfat Same as for nutrient Representative of likely Assumption for analyses analyses participant choices within allowed substitutions Container sizes: 3264 fl oz ACNielsen Homescan, 2001 Equal weighting of: Representative of likely Assumption for analyses Refrigerated, assumed to participant choices ACNielsen Homescan, be calcium-rich 2001 ("fortified") ; and continues
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From page 332... ...
332 WIC FOOD PACKAGES TABLE E-2 Continued Assumption used in Fooda Nutrient Analysesb,c Plainf Tofu Revised Packages for Women Calcium salts used in processing Grains Cereal Current and Revised Packages Weighted mean of: Ready-to-eat cereal, 90%; and Hot cereal, 10% Cereal, Current and Revised Packages ready-to-eat Current Packages Equal weighting of: Cheerios (General Mills) ; Corn flakes; Kix (General Mills)
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From page 333... ...
APPENDIX E 333 Type of Data Considered Cost Analysesa as Basis of Assumption Source of Dataa Shelf-stable, assumed to be For soy beverage purchases, ACNielsen Homescan, calcium-rich data were not available 2001 on addition of calcium in shelf-stable products. Representative of likely Assumption for analyses national and state agency restrictions Container sizes: 1216 oz ACNielsen Homescan, 2001 Negligible contribution to Manufacturer labeling, calcium intake unless 2004 calcium salts are used in processing Tofu was assumed to be For tofu purchases, data ACNielsen Homescan, processed with calcium were not available 2001 salts.
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From page 334... ...
334 WIC FOOD PACKAGES TABLE E-2 Continued Assumption used in Fooda Nutrient Analysesb,c Cereal, hot Current and Revised Packages Regular salt option for preparation Current Packages Equal weighting of: Cream of wheat, regular-cooking; and Oatmeal, instant-cooking, iron-fortified Revised Packages Oatmeal, instant-cooking, iron-fortified Whole grains Revised Packages Equal weighting of: Whole wheat bread; and Brown rice Whole wheat bread Revised Packages Brown rice Revised Packages Cooked in salted water
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From page 335... ...
APPENDIX E 335 Type of Data Considered Cost Analysesa as Basis of Assumption Source of Dataa Container sizes: 1028 oz ACNielsen Homescan, 2001 na Representative of likely Assumption for analyses participant practices Equal weighting of: Representative of likely Assumption for analyses Cream of Wheat participant choices (Nabisco) (1428 oz container)
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From page 336... ...
336 WIC FOOD PACKAGES TABLE E-2 Continued Assumption used in Fooda Nutrient Analysesb,c Meat and Alternatives Eggs Current and Revised Packages Whole, fresh eggs Fish, canned Revised Package VII Weighted mean of: Canned tuna, 80% Canned salmon, 20% Tuna Current and Revised Package VII Equal weighting of: Water pack, regularh Oil pack, regularh Drained Salmon Revised Package VII Salmon, regulard Drained Beans, dry (legumes) Current Packages Dried beans only (i.e., no canned beans)
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From page 337... ...
APPENDIX E 337 Type of Data Considered Cost Analysesa as Basis of Assumption Source of Dataa Container size: 1 doz BLS, 2004a Same as for nutrient Representative of market ACNielsen Homescan, analyses share 2001 Same as for nutrient Representative of market ACNielsen Homescan, analyses share 2001 Container sizes: 6 oz or ACNielsen Homescan, less 2001 Representative of likely Assumption for analyses participant choices Market purchase weighting Market share ACNielsen Homescan, of: 2001 Water pack, regular;h and Oil pack, regularh na Representative of likely Assumption for analyses participant practices Container sizes: 1416 oz ACNielsen Homescan, 2001 Pink salmon Representative of market Assumption for analyses share na Representative of likely Assumption for analyses participant practices Same as for nutrient Current restrictions Assumption for analyses analyses Same as for nutrient Representative of likely Assumption for analyses analyses participant choices Container size: 16 oz ACNielsen Homescan, 2001 Representative of likely Assumption for analyses participant choices continues
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From page 338... ...
338 WIC FOOD PACKAGES TABLE E-2 Continued Assumption used in Fooda Nutrient Analysesb,c Northern beans; Pinto beans; and Lentils Beans, canned Revised Packages Equal weighting of: Black beans; Garbanzo beans (chickpeas) ; Kidney beans; and Northern beans Regulard Plaini Peanut butter Current and Revised Packages Regulard
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From page 339... ...
APPENDIX E 339 Type of Data Considered Cost Analysesa as Basis of Assumption Source of Dataa Market purchase weighting Market share within ACNielsen Homescan, of: available data 2001 Black beans; specifications Garbanzo beans (chickpeas) ; Kidney beans; Northern beans; and Pinto beans Container sizes: 1516 oz ACNielsen Homescan, 2001 Representative of likely Assumption for analyses participant choices Market purchase weighting Market share ACNielsen Homescan, of: 2001 Black beans; Garbanzo beans (chickpeas)
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From page 340... ...
340 WIC FOOD PACKAGES TABLE E-2 Continued Assumption used in Fooda Nutrient Analysesb,c Peanut butter or Beans (legumes) Current Packages Equal weighting of: Peanut butter (18 oz)
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From page 341... ...
APPENDIX E 341 Type of Data Considered Cost Analysesa as Basis of Assumption Source of Dataa Same as for nutrient Representative of likely Assumption for analyses analyses participant choices Same as for nutrient Representative of likely Assumption for analyses analyses participant choices f"Plain" in this instance means not flavored because flavored products customarily have added sugars. g"Regular" in this instance means not a reduced calorie product.
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From page 342... ...
342 WIC FOOD PACKAGES TABLE E-3A Calculated Costs of Representative Amounts of Foods in Revised Packages for Infants (2002) a Approximate Food Item Unit Cost per Unit ($)
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From page 343... ...
APPENDIX E 343 Representative Amount in Food Package Quantity Used Assumption, in Calculationb Proportion Used Example Cost ($) 403 fl oz concentrate 1 31 13-oz cans 92.69 29.75 442 fl oz concentrate 1 34 13-oz cans 101.66 32.63 384 fl oz reconstituted 1 4 12.9-oz cans 37.25 (5160 oz powder)
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From page 344... ...
344 WIC FOOD PACKAGES TABLE E-3B Calculated Costs of Representative Amounts of Foods in Revised Packages for Children and Women (2002) a Approximate Food Unit Cost per Unit ($)
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From page 345... ...
APPENDIX E 345 Representative Amount in Food Package Quantity Used Assumption, in Calculation Proportion Usedb Example Cost ($) 128 fl oz 1 3 32-fl oz cans 3.71 14 qt 1 7 half-gallons 10.22 1 qt 0.5 1 1-qt container 1.14 1 lb 0.5 1 1-lb package 1.65 36 oz 1 3 12-oz boxes 7.20 1 doz 1 1 doz 1.03 4.88 lb 0.5 -- 1.70 110 oz 0.5 -- 2.78 4.88 lb 0.5 -- 2.30 110 oz 0.5 -- 1.87 1 lb 1 1 1-lb loaf 1.80 1 lb 1 1 1-lb bag 1.77 1 lb 0.25 1 1-lb bag 0.19 64 oz 0.25 4 16-oz cans 0.72 18 oz 0.5 1 18-oz jar 0.90 38.98 128 fl oz 1 3 32-fl oz cans 3.67 14 qt 1 7 half-gallons 9.66 1 qt 0.5 1 1-qt container 1.14 1 lb 0.5 1 1-lb package 1.65 36 oz 1 3 12-oz boxes 7.31 1 doz 1 1 doz 1.03 4.88 lb 0.5 -- 1.70 110 oz 0.5 -- 2.78 4.88 lb 0.5 -- 2.30 110 oz 0.5 -- 1.87 1 lb 1 1 1-lb loaf 1.80 1 lb 1 1 1-lb bag 1.77 1 lb 0.25 1 1-lb bag 0.19 64 oz 0.25 4 16-oz cans 0.72 18 oz 0.5 1 18-oz jar 0.90 38.49 144 fl oz 1 3 46-fl oz cans 4.13 19 qt 0.9 6 gallons 11.80 19 qt 0.1 9 64-oz containers + 1 32-oz container 3.12 continues
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From page 346... ...
346 WIC FOOD PACKAGES TABLE E-3B Continued Approximate Food Unit Cost per Unit ($) Yogurtb,c qt 2.28 Tofub,c lb 1.76 Cheeseb,c,d lb 3.30 Cereal oz ~0.20 Eggs doz 1.03 Fresh fruitsb,c lb ~0.69 Canned fruitsb,c oz ~0.05 Fresh vegetablesb,c lb ~0.94 Canned vegetablesb,c oz ~0.03 Bread, whole wheatb,c lb 1.80 Brown riceb,c lb 1.77 Beans, driedb,c lb 0.77 Beans, cannedb,c oz ~0.04 Peanut butter oz 0.10 Total Food Package VI Juice fl oz ~0.03 Milk, fat-reducedb,c qt 0.69 Soy beverage ("soy milk")
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From page 347... ...
APPENDIX E 347 Representative Amount in Food Package Quantity Used Assumption, in Calculation Proportion Usedb Example Cost ($) 1 qt 1 1 1-qt container 2.28 1 lb 0.5 1 1-lb container 0.88 1 lb 0.5 1 1-lb package 1.65 36 oz 1 3 12-oz boxes 7.30 1 doz 1 1 doz 1.03 6.1 lb 0.5 -- 2.12 140 oz 0.5 -- 3.48 6.1 lb 0.5 -- 2.88 140 oz 0.5 -- 2.38 1 lb 0.5 1 1-lb loaf 0.90 1 lb 0.5 1 1-lb bag 0.89 1 lb 0.5 1 1-lb bag 0.39 64 oz 0.5 4 16-oz cans 1.42 18 oz 1 1 18-oz jar 1.80 48.45 96 fl oz 1 246-fl oz cans 2.76 14 qt 0.9 3 gallons + 1 half-gallon 8.69 14 qt 0.1 7 64-oz containers 2.30 1 qt 0.25 1 1-qt container 0.57 1 lb 0.25 1 1-lb container 0.44 1 lb 0.5 1 1-lb package 1.65 36 oz 1 3 12-oz boxes 7.30 1 doz 1 1 doz 1.03 6.1 lb 0.5 -- 2.12 140 oz 0.5 -- 3.48 6.1 lb 0.5 -- 2.88 140 oz 0.5 -- 2.38 1 lb 0.25 1 1-lb bag 0.19 64 oz 0.25 4 16-oz cans 0.72 18 oz 0.5 1 18-oz jar 0.90 37.41 144 fl oz 1 3 46-fl oz cans 4.13 21 qt 0.9 6 gallons 13.04 21 qt 0.1 12 64-oz containers 3.45 1 qt 1 1 1-qt container 2.28 1 lb 0.5 1 1-lb container 0.88 1 lb 0.5 1 lb 1.65 1 lb 1 1 lb 3.30 36 oz 1 3 12-oz boxes 7.30 continues
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From page 348... ...
348 WIC FOOD PACKAGES TABLE E-3B Continued Approximate Food Unit Cost per Unit ($) Eggs doz 1.03 Fresh fruitsb,c lb ~0.69 Canned fruitsb,c oz ~0.05 Fresh vegetablesb,c lb ~0.94 Canned vegetablesb,c oz ~0.03 Bread, whole wheatb,c lb 1.80 Brown riceb,c lb 1.77 Canned fishb,c Tunab,c oz ~0.09 Salmonb,c oz ~0.11 Beans, driedb,c lb 0.77 Beans, cannedb,c oz ~0.04 Peanut butter oz 0.10 Total a All costs use market purchase-weighted prices estimated using 19992002 price data as described in Chapter 5 -- Evaluation of Cost.
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From page 349... ...
APPENDIX E 349 Representative Amount in Food Package Quantity Used Assumption, in Calculation Proportion Usedb Example Cost ($) 2 doz 1 2 doz 2.06 6.1 lb 0.5 -- 2.12 140 oz 0.5 -- 3.48 6.1 lb 0.5 -- 2.88 140 oz 0.5 -- 2.38 1 lb 0.5 1 1-lb loaf 0.90 1 lb 0.5 1 1-lb bag 0.89 30 oz 0.8 5 6-oz cans 2.08 29.4 oz 0.2 2 14.7-oz cans 0.62 1 lb 0.5 1 1-lb bag 0.39 64 oz 0.5 4 16-oz cans 1.42 18 oz 1 1 18-oz jar 1.80 57.05 cAllowed substitutions used in the calculations are indented below the food item in the package; the total allowance for this food item is reflected in the sum of these entries.
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From page 350... ...
350 WIC FOOD PACKAGES TABLE E-4 Estimated Program Costs for Food per Month Using Current Packages (2002) a Group Age/Participant Categoryb Description Package Infants 03.9 mo Fully formula-fed I Partially breast-fedd I Fully breast-fedd - Subtotalse 45.9 mo Fully formula-fed II Partially breast-fed f II Fully breast-fed f II Subtotalse 611.9 mo Fully formula-fed II Partially breast-fed g II Fully breast-fed g II Subtotalse Totals for infante Children 14.9 yh IV Totals for childrene Women Pregnante V Partially breastfeedingi V Non-breastfeeding postpartum e VI Fully breastfeedingi VII Totals for womene Totals for program Average food package cost per participant (per month)
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From page 351... ...
APPENDIX E 351 Percentage within Age/ Cost Program Cost Participant Number of (pre-rebate, Post-Rebate (post-rebate, Category Participantsb if applicable) Costc if applicable)
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From page 352... ...
352 WIC FOOD PACKAGES TABLE E-5 Estimated Program Costs for Food per Month Using Revised Packages (2002) a Group Age or Participant Categoryb Description Package Infants 03.9 mo Fully formula-fed I Partially breast-fedd,e -- (00.9 mo)
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From page 353... ...
APPENDIX E 353 Percentage Within Age or Cost Program Cost Participant Number of (pre-rebate, Cost (post rebate, Category Participantsb if applicable) Post-Rebatec if applicable)
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From page 354... ...
354 WIC FOOD PACKAGES TABLE E-5 Continued eFor the category of partially breast-fed infants 03.9 mo, the committee estimated that the number of infants aged 00.9 mo was 25% of the category total and the number of infants aged 13.9 mo was 75% of the total. In the absence of data on the proportion of infants to anticipate in each of the first 4 mo after birth, the committee assumed the distribution would be approximately equal in each month, using the census data for children under the age of 5 y as a model (20.0% ± 0.3% , mean ± SD)
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