WIC Food Packages Time for a Change (2006) / Chapter Skim
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From page 391... ...
INDEX A Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 124 AAP. See American Academy of Pediatrics AHA.
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From page 392... ...
392 INDEX Analysis samples, 271 Body mass index (BMI) , 32n, 33 breast-fed infants 6-11 months old, 271 Body weight management, and consistency non-breastfed WIC infants under 1 year of the revised food packages with old, 271 recommendations from the Dietary non-breastfeeding women 14-44 years Guidelines for Americans, 153 old, up to 1 year postpartum, 271 Breast-fed infants 6-12 months old.
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From page 393... ...
INDEX 393 Categorical eligibility, required for the WIC fully breastfeeding women, 151 program, 22 non-breastfeeding postpartum women, Caveats and other potential benefits and 151 risks, 301302 pregnant women and partially non-quantified benefits and risks, 301 breastfeeding women, 151 302 to promote breastfeeding, studies on, CDC. See Centers for Disease Control and 168169 Prevention to promote healthier eating patterns and Center for Food Safety and Applied improved nutrient adequacy, studies Nutrition, U.S.
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From page 394... ...
394 INDEX 1-4 years old, considering public Cholesterol comments about food packages nutrient analysis of current and revised for, 81 food packages using NDS-R, 232 2-4 years old 233, 302 changes in potential intakes paralleling nutrient analysis of current and revised changes in nutrients provided in the food packages using SR-17, 242 packages, 150 243 food group priorities for, 65 reducing, 13 nutrient intake profiles for, 299300 Chronology of statutes pertaining to the 2-4 years old and women in the definition of WIC supplemental childbearing years, 6468 foods, 22, 95n, 267, 356357, 373n children ages 2-4 years, 65 Child Nutrition Act, 356357 overall, 65, 68 Child Nutrition and WIC summary, 65, 68 Reauthorization Act, 356357 women in the childbearing years, 65 CNPP. See Center for Nutrition Policy and 2-5 years old Promotion direction of changes in the level of Code of Federal Regulations, U.S.
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From page 395... ...
INDEX 395 for non-breastfeeding postpartum women feeding other foods to infants and (Food Package VI) , 214 young children, 159160 nutrients and ingredients to limit in the formula feeding, 158159 diet, 312313 promoting food safety, 161 nutrients of concern with regard to with recommendations from the Dietary excessive intake, 150151, 308311 Guidelines for Americans, 153154 nutrients of concern with regard to adequate nutrients within food energy inadequate intake, 304307 needs, 153 for older infants (Food Package II)
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From page 396... ...
396 INDEX Criterion 3, consistency with and evaluating possible food packages, recommendations for infants and 85 children younger than age 2 years, Criterion 4, suitability and safety for 38 persons with limited transportation Criterion 4, suitability and safety for options, storage, and cooking persons with limited transportation facilities, 3839, 155, 162 options, storage, and cooking and evaluating possible food packages, facilities, 3839 85 Criterion 5, acceptability, availability, tailoring the revised food packages for and incentive value, 3943 persons with limited resources, 162 Criterion 6, consideration of Criterion 5, providing readily acceptable, administrative impacts, 4345 widely available, and culturally Criterion 1, reducing the prevalence of suitable foods and incentives for inadequate and excessive nutrient families to participate, 155157, intakes, 145151 162163 addressing the dual problems of acceptability, availability, and incentive undernutrition and overnutrition, value, 3943 3738 food acceptability, 40 changes in potential intakes paralleling food availability, 4243 changes in nutrients provided in the foods commonly consumed, 40 packages, 149151 incentive value, 43 and evaluating possible food packages, participant diversity, 4142 84 and evaluating possible food packages, priority nutrients changing in the desired 8586 direction in the revised food tailoring revised food packages to be packages, 146 readily acceptable, 163 revised packages, 146149 Criterion 6, considering impacts on vendors Criterion 2, promoting an overall dietary and WIC agencies, 4345, 162, pattern consistent with Dietary 164165 Guidelines for Americans, 38, 152 concerns about current food packages, 164 154 and evaluating possible food packages, 86 amounts provided by current and revised vendors, 4344 food packages compared with WIC agencies, 4445 amounts suggested for caloric level, CSFII. See Continuing Survey of Food 156157 Intakes by Individuals consistency of the revised food packages Cultural acceptability, 41 with recommendations from the Cultural diversity, 117 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, Culture, defining, 41 153154 Current and revised food packages for and evaluating possible food packages, 84 mother/infant pairs, comparison of Criterion 3, promoting an overall diet the market (pre-rebate)
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From page 397... ...
INDEX 397 D Dietary fiber. See Fiber Dietary Folate Equivalents (DFEs)
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From page 398... ...
398 INDEX Differences in nutritional needs, in Elements promoting and supporting DRIs used for assessing intakes of, 360 breastfeeding, 110111 363 Dioxin-like compounds (DLC) , 6263 nutrient analysis of current and revised Dioxins, health risks from, 6263 food packages using NDS-R, 101n, Direction of changes in the level of priority 110, 226227 nutrients in the revised food nutrient analysis of current and revised packages, 147148 food packages using SR-17, 101n, for breastfed infants 6-12 months old, 236237 147 Eligibility.
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From page 399... ...
INDEX 399 Estimates of requirements, 5758 Excessive intake levels, 5356 vitamin E, 58 nutrients of concern with regard to, 150 Estimates of upper levels, 5859 151, 308311 vitamin A, 5859 proportion at risk of, 269270 zinc, 5859 providing less of nutrients with, Ethnic composition of the WIC population, 148149 marked demographic changes in, 29 reported usual intakes above the Evaluation of cost, 124144 Tolerable Upper Intake Level and comparing cost incentives for dietary guidance, 5455 breastfeeding, 139141 Exposure assessment, 293 methods, 126131 overview, 125126 projecting the effects of changes in infant F formula and milk prices, 142144 results and discussion, 131, 134139 Factor for days per month, 113n Farmers Market Nutrition Program, 172 of the revised packages, 86 summary, 144 Fat-reduced milk and milk products, 13 Evaluation of nutritional benefits and risks, Fat-soluble vitamins nutrient analysis of current and revised 292297 the delta approach, 295296 food packages using NDS-R, 150, nutrient intake, 294295 228229 nutrient analysis of current and revised the proportional approach, 296297 Evaluation of possible food packages, 83 food packages using USDA Nutrient 86 Database for Standard Reference (SR-17) , 238239 Criterion 1, addressing the dual problems of undernutrition and overnutrition, Fats 84 and consistency of the revised food packages with recommendations Criterion 2, consistency with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 84 from the Dietary Guidelines for Criterion 3, consistency with Americans, 154 DRIs used for assessing intakes of recommendations for infants and children younger than age 2 years, selected, 372374 85 nutrient analysis of current and revised food packages using NDS-R, 234 Criterion 4, suitability and safety for persons with limited transportation 235 options, storage, and cooking nutrient analysis of current and revised food packages using SR-17, 244 facilities, 85 Criterion 5, acceptability, availability, 245 and incentive value, 8586 FDA.
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From page 400... ...
400 INDEX Fiber, 51, 56, 60, 64, 106 flexibility and variety, 171 adequate intakes and mean reported special recommendation on vitamin D usual intakes of, 50 supplementation, 171 AIs for children, 58 Food availability, 4243 increases in interfering with mineral Food consumption, changes in, 3031 absorption, 302 Food energy needs, adequate nutrients nutrient analysis of current and revised within, and consistency of the food packages using NDS-R, 232 revised food packages with 233, 302 recommendations from the Dietary nutrient analysis of current and revised Guidelines for Americans, 153 food packages using SR-17, 242243 Food groups First month after birth, revised Food and consistency of the revised food Package I for, 93 packages with recommendations FITS. See Feeding Infants and Toddlers from the Dietary Guidelines for Study Americans, encouraging, 153154 Flexibility and variety in revising the WIC priorities for the WIC food packages, 63 food packages, 16, 171172 71, 76 administrators in WIC state and local children ages 2-4 years and women in agencies, 22, 171172 the childbearing years, 6468 Food and Nutrition Service, 171 low-income children 2-4 years old, and need for, 7476 women, 64 recommendations for, 16, 171172 low-income children younger than 2 Flexibility for WIC state agencies years old, 6871 changed from previous food packages, mean numbers of servings from five 117120 basic food groups consumed by fruits and vegetables, 117119 selected age groups, 6667 milk products, 119120 nutrient and food group priorities for providing more, 117120 revision of the WIC food packages, FNB.
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From page 401... ...
INDEX 401 Food Package II for older infants, 5, 78, Food packages 16, 26, 9495, 9899, 103, 113, as supplementary foods, 81 115, 149n, 161n, 209210, 235n, types of, 82 298299 Food Packages I and II for infants, 58 at 6 months old, 94 change in age specifications and baby foods, 7 breastfeeding categories, 56 formula, 7 Food Packages V, VI, and VII for women, fully breast-fed infants, 209 11 fully formula-fed infants, 209210 proposed food packages for women, juice, 8 maximum monthly allowances, 10 maximum monthly allowances for Food safety, 39 proposed Food Package II for addressing concerns, 13 infants ages 6 months to 1 year, 7 and consistency of the revised food partially breast-fed infants, 209 packages with recommendations participant eligibility, 210 from the Dietary Guidelines for Food Package III for individuals with Americans, 154 special dietary needs, 8, 26, 81, 88n, promoting, 70 98100, 130, 134, 154n, 211 Food Stamp program, 22 current Food Package III, 98 The food supply participant eligibility, 211 and dietary patterns, changes in, 2931 revised Food Package III, 98100 increased variety in, 2930 Food Package IV for children, 89, 11, 99, Food Surveys Research Group (FSRG) , 150, 212, 299 313n comparison of the current and proposed Foods food package for children, for addition to the packages maximum monthly allowances, 9 basic foods, 82 dry beans or peas, 11 food packages as supplementary foods, eggs, 9 81 fruits and vegetables, 9 fruits and vegetables, 82 juice, 8 identifying candidate, 8183 milk and milk alternatives, 9 milk and milk products, 83 participant eligibility, 212 supporting and promoting whole grains, 11 breastfeeding, 83 Food Package V for pregnant and partially types of food packages, 82 breastfeeding women, 5, 6n, 24n, whole grains, 83 80, 111, 151, 213 commonly consumed, 40 and nutrient intake profiles for adolescent in the current WIC packages to be and adult women, 300 deleted or reduced in the revised participant eligibility, 213 food packages, 82 Food Package VI for non-breastfeeding foods in the current WIC packages to postpartum women, 6n, 151, 214 be deleted or reduced in the revised and nutrient intake profiles for adolescent food packages, 82 and adult women, 300 identifying, 81 participant eligibility, 214 and nutrition education, 176 Food Package VII for fully breastfeeding Formula.
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From page 402... ...
402 INDEX younger than 1 year old FSRG. See Food Surveys Research Group changes in potential intakes paralleling Fully breast-fed infants, 209 changes in nutrients provided in the 6-12 months old, nutrients and ingredients packages, 150 to limit in the diet of, 260 nutrient intake profiles for, 298299 Fully breastfeeding women Formula feeding, 69 changes in potential intakes paralleling consistency of the revised food packages changes in nutrients provided in the for infants and children under 2 packages, 151 years old with established dietary direction of changes in the level of recommendations, 158159 priority nutrients in the revised food in Food Package II, 7 packages for, 148 Fortification of food, 177 Fully formula-fed infants, 208210 Four Food Groups, 34 0-4 months old, nutrients of concern with Fragile Families and Child Well-Being regard to excessive intake by, 256 Study, 109, 174 257 Fresh produce 4-6 months old, nutrients of concern with an option for children and women, 104 regard to excessive intake by, 256 workable procedures for, 173174 257 Freshness of fruits and vegetables, ensuring, 6-12 months old 13, 30 nutrients and ingredients to limit in the Fruits and vegetables, 12, 14.
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From page 403... ...
INDEX 403 Harrison, Gail G., 376 Infants in the WIC program Hazard identification, 293 0-3 months old, 315 Health risks of the WIC-eligible population, 1-3 months old, revised Food Package I changes in, 3133 for, 9394 Healthier eating patterns 4-5 months old, 315 developing, 70 4 months old, revised Food Package I at, studies on changes to promote, 169171 94 Healthy People 2010, 38, 61, 68, 79, 108 6-12 months old, 315 HHS Blueprint for Action on Breastfeeding, 6 months old, Food Package II at, 94 108 bases of assumptions used in nutrient and High-quality protein, 23 cost analyses of food packages for, 138n, 315n, 318323 calculated costs of representative I amounts of foods in revised packages for, 342343 Impacts of changes in the WIC food comparison of estimated costs of current packages and revised food packages for, 130 on vendors, 384 131 on WIC agencies, 383384 considering public comments about food Implementation. See also Studies related to packages, 80 implementation and its effects defined, 20n and its effects, studies on, 167171 estimated program costs for food per Improved nutrient intakes, supporting, 11 participant per month using current 12 packages for, 132133 Inadequate usual intake estimated program costs for food per nutrients of concern with regard to, 304 participant per month using revised 307 packages for, 136137 proportion of subgroup with, 268269 feeding method assumptions for, 315 providing greater amounts of nutrients 316 with, 146148 revised Food Package III for, 99 Incentive value, 43 revised food packages for, 9395 Incentivizing breastfeeding, possibilities for, WIC food packages for, 9295 383 Information Resources, Inc.
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From page 404... ...
404 INDEX Iron-deficiency anemia, 61 Market baskets of food, 23 ISU. See Iowa State University Market value of the packages for the IZiNCG.
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From page 405... ...
INDEX 405 candidates for addition to the packages, NDS-R. See Nutrient Data System for 83 Research comparison of food items used in nutrient analysis of current and revised nutrient analyses from two food packages using, 226235 databases, 248249 NEs.
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From page 406... ...
406 INDEX usual intake distributions of selected Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, micronutrients and electrolytes, 49n, U.S. Department of Agriculture (SR 282283 17)
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From page 407... ...
INDEX 407 comparison of current and revised food comparison of current and revised packages with regard to nutrients food packages with regard to, 256 offered, 255261 259 comparison of food items used in fully formula-fed infants 0-4 months nutrient analyses from two old, 256257 databases, 226n, 246251 fully formula-fed infants 4-6 months nutrient analysis of current and revised old, 256257 food packages, 95n, 149n, 226237, fully formula-fed infants 6-12 months 228n, 230n, 232n, 234n, 341n old, 256257 specifications for foods in the revised lactating women 14-44 years old, 258 food packages, 90n, 92n, 97, 101, 259 106, 123n, 177, 218225, 323n non-breastfeeding postpartum women substitutions for various volumes of 14-44 years old, 256257 formula concentrate Easy Reference pregnant and lactating women 14-44 Guide, 88n, 9394, 113n, 236n, years old, 256257 262264 with regard to inadequate intake, 252 Nutrient recommendations 255 and dietary guidance, changes in, 3335 breast-fed infants 6-12 months old, new, 3334 252253 Nutrients. See also Target nutrients comparison of current and revised target, 2223 food packages, 252255, 304307 Nutrients and ingredients to limit in the lactating women 14-44 years old, 254 diet, 260261 255 children 1-2 years old, 260 non-breastfeeding postpartum women children 2-5 years old, 260 14-44 years old, 252255 comparison of current and revised food pregnant and lactating women 14-44 packages, 312313 years old, 252253 comparison of current and revised food WIC children 1-2 years old, 252253 packages with regard to, 260261 WIC children 2-5 years old, 252253 fully breast-fed infants 6-12 months old, Nutrition Coordinating Center, University 260 of Minnesota (NCC)
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From page 408... ...
408 INDEX Nutrition-related health risks, 22, 6263 marked changes in annual number of, 27 calcium intake and lead exposure, 62 marked demographic changes in the WIC dioxins, 6263 population by category, 28 methylmercury, 63 numbers of, 128 vitamin D and bone health, 62 Participation rates, possible shifts in, 316 zinc and breast-fed infants 6 through 11 317 months, 62 Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System, 60 NWA. See National WIC Association Pennsylvania State University, 23 Peterson, Karen E., 379 Phases I and II, on developing and using O criteria, 4, 21 Physical Activity Level, 51n Obesity concerns, 60 Phytate addressing, changed from previous food nutrient analysis of current and revised packages, 115117 food packages using NDS-R, 232 in adolescent and adult women, 3233 233, 302 Class 3, 33 nutrient analysis of current and revised Odoms-Young, Angela M., 378379 food packages using SR-17, 242243 Overweight, 60 Policy change, basis for minimizing early in adolescent and adult women, 3233 supplementation, 111112 in children, 33 Postpartum, defined, 20n Potassium, 12, 51, 56, 60, 102 P adequate intakes and mean reported usual intakes of, 50 Packaging and consistency of the revised food economical, 16 packages with recommendations re-sealable, 16 from the Dietary Guidelines for Partially breast-fed infants, 208, 209 Americans, 154 amounts of infant formula provided to, Pregnancy, defined, 97 114 Pregnant, lactating, and non-breastfeeding Easy Reference Guide to substitutions for post partum women, priority various volumes of formula nutrients for, 60 concentrate, 262263 Pregnant or lactating adolescent and adult Food Package I for, 6 women Participants in the WIC Program analysis sample, 271 diversity of, 4142 nutrients and ingredients to limit in the eligibility of diet of, 260 for children (Food Package IV)
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From page 409... ...
INDEX 409 Preliminary Open Session, 172, 382 Projections, of the effects of changes in Prescription rate, defined, 126n infant formula and milk prices, 142 Price data, 127128 144 for eggs, 127 Promoting and supporting breastfeeding, for fruits and vegetables, 127 108112 for infant formula, 127 changed from previous food packages, for other groceries, 127128 108112 Priority food groups, 7677 differences in nutritional needs, 110111 Priority nutrients, 5960 market value of the packages for the breast-fed infants 6-11 months, 60 mother/infant pair, 109110 changing in the desired direction in the minimizing early supplementation, 111 revised food packages, 146 112 nutrient priorities because of excessive recommended studies, 112 intakes, 77 Proportional approach, for evaluating nutrient priorities because of inadequate nutritional benefits and risks, 296 intakes, 7677 297 pregnant, lactating, and non- Proposed Criteria for Selecting the WIC breastfeeding post partum women, Food Packages: A Preliminary 60 report of the Committee to Review WIC children 1-4 years old, 60 the WIC Food Packages, 21, 36 WIC infants under 1 year old, non- Proposed food packages for women, breastfed, 59 maximum monthly allowances, in Private-label brands, 30 Food Packages V, VI, and VII for Process used for revising the WIC food women, 10 packages, 7486 Proposed policy change related to initial food comparing current food packages with package options, for mother/infant dietary guidance, 77 pairs after delivery, minimizing early considering public comments, 7781 supplementation, 111 evaluating possible food packages, 8386 Proposed specifications for foods in the evaluating the cost of the revised revised food packages, 121123 packages, 86 changed from previous food packages, identifying candidate foods for addition 121123 to the packages, 8183 fruits and vegetables, 121 identifying foods that could be deleted or grains, 122123 reduced in quantity, 81 infant foods, 121 need for flexibility, 7476 meat and alternatives, 123 Phase I, developing criteria, 4, 75 milk and alternatives, 122 Phase II, using criteria, 4, 75 Proposed WIC food packages, 311 priority food groups and nutrients, 7677 as cost-neutral, 1415 summary, 86 Food Package I, 67 Processed fruit and vegetable option, for Food Package II, 78 children and women, 104 Food Package III for those with special Product availability, recommendations for, dietary needs, 8 177, 179 Food Package IV for children, 89, 11 Program costs for food Food Packages I and II for infants, 58 estimating, 129131 Food Packages V, VI, and VII for per participant per month women, 11 using current packages, estimated, in line with the committee's criteria, 11 132133 14 using revised packages, estimated, process for revising the WIC food 136138 package, 4
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From page 410... ...
410 INDEX Protein, 47 studies prior to implementation of the high-quality, 23 revised packages, 16 Public comments, 7781 summary, 179 about food packages for children ages 1- workable procedures, 16, 172174 4 years, 81 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) , about food packages for those with 3334, 5859, 260n, 266, 299, special dietary needs, 81 363n, 366n, 370n about infants' food packages, 80 Redemption rate, defined, 126n about women's food packages, 80 Reduced-fat, defined, 107n Pyramid Serving Data, 64 Reducing saturated fat and limiting cholesterol for participants 2 years old and older, changed from Q previous food packages, 107108 Reference amounts customarily consumed Quantity-denominated vouchers, 165 per eating occasion (RACC)
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From page 411... ...
INDEX 411 Criterion 2, promoting an overall Select Committee on Nutrition and Human dietary pattern consistent with Needs, U.S. Senate, 34 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, Shopping, and nutrition education, 176 152154 Siega-Riz, Anna Maria, 379380 Criterion 3, promoting an overall diet SKU.
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From page 412... ...
412 INDEX State health departments, increasing Thiamin, 48 frequency of inspection by, 44 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) , 12, State WIC associations, 35 34, 47, 55, 5859, 72n, 149, 260n, Statutes pertaining to the definition of WIC 266, 269270, 282n, 298299, supplemental foods, 22, 95n, 267, 312n, 362n, 363n, 366n, 374n 356357, 373n and dietary guidance, reported usual Child Nutrition Act, 356357 intakes above, 5455 Child Nutrition and WIC Total fat, reducing, 13 Reauthorization Act, 356357 Trans fatty acids, 73n, 76, 235n, 245n, Stock-keeping unit (SKU)
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From page 413... ...
INDEX 413 of selected macronutrients (cholesterol impact of changes in the WIC food and fiber) , 54n, 284288 packages on, 384 non-breastfed WIC infants 0-3 months Vitamins old, 284 DRIs used for assessing intakes of, 364 non-breastfed WIC infants 4-5 months 366 old, 284 vitamin A, 12, 23, 31, 34, 47, 56, 102 non-breastfed WIC infants 6-12 estimates of upper levels, 5859 months old, 285 vitamin C, 23, 31, 34, 47, 102 non-breastfeeding postpartum vitamin D, 12, 30, 119120 adolescent and adult women, 49n, and bone health, health risks from, 62 288 special recommendation for pregnant or lactating adolescent and supplementation from the FNS, 171 adult women, 49n, 287 supplementing, 16, 114n WIC children 2-4 years old, 49n, 286 vitamin E, 47, 5657, 60, 272 WIC children 12-24 months old, 49n, estimates of requirements, 58 285 vitamin K, supplementing, 114n of selected micronutrients and Vouchers or other food instruments, electrolytes, 54n, 274283 workable procedures for, 172173 breast-fed and non-breastfed WIC infants 6-11 months old, 94, 276 non-breastfed WIC infants 0-3 months W old, 274 non-breastfed WIC infants 4-5 months Washington, DC, Public Forum, 384385 old, 275 Water-soluble vitamins nutrient analysis of current and revised non-breastfeeding postpartum adolescent and adult women, 49n, food packages using NDS-R, 230 282283 231 nutrient analysis of current and revised pregnant or lactating adolescent and adult women, 49n, 280281 food packages using USDA Nutrient WIC children 1-2 years old, 49n, 277 Database for Standard Reference (SR-17)
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From page 414... ...
414 INDEX WIC children revised food packages for women, 96 1-2 years old 97 nutrients of concern with regard to revised WIC food packages, maximum inadequate intake by, 252253 monthly allowances for children and usual intake distributions of selected women, 9092 macronutrients (cholesterol and WIC infants under 1 year old, non fiber) , 49n, 285 breastfed, priority nutrients for, 59 usual intake distributions of selected WIC local agencies, concerns about current micronutrients and electrolytes, 49n, food packages from, 164 277 WIC Participant and Program 1-4 years old Characteristics, 128, 132n, 137n, analysis sample, 271 350n, 354n priority nutrients for, 60 The WIC population 2-4 years old ethnic composition of, marked usual intake distributions of selected demographic changes in, 29 macronutrients (cholesterol and by participant category, marked fiber)
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From page 415... ...
INDEX 415 Y Z Younger than 2 years old and low-income Zinc, 12, 4748, 56, 60, 115, 362n children, 6871 estimates of upper levels, 5859 dietary guidance for infants and children health risks from in breast-fed infants 6 under the age of two years, 6970 through 12 months, 62 summary for infants and children younger than 2 years old, 71
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