Policy Implications of International Graduate Students and Postdoctoral Scholars in the United States (2005) / Chapter Skim
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That means that the United States must work to attract the best international talent while seeking to improve and invigorate the mentoring, education, and training of its own S&E students, including women and members of underrepresented minority groups. This dual goal is especially important in light of increasing global competition for the best S&E students and scholars.
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There is not agreement on (1) the benefits and risks related to our reliance on the many international graduate students and postdoctoral scholars in our research and development enterprise, (2)
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9 In a speech on the impact of terrorism delivered at the State University of New York, Sherwood Boehlert, chair of the House Science Committee, stated: "Foreign students who remain here are absolutely critical elements of our science and technology workforce, and those who return home often increase the goodwill toward the United States in their home countries." (Speech to SUNY Presidents on the Impact of Terrorism on R&D, http:// www.house.gov/science)
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Little is known about the interaction between the flow of international talent to the United States and the decisions of US citizens and permanent residents to choose S&E careers. Students in Europe and in countries that have almost no foreign students -- including China, India, and Singapore -- are increasingly choosing fields of study outside S&E, a trend ascribed to declining job opportunities for classically trained scientists and engineers in these countries.12 Student and postdoctoral training has become part of the larger phenomenon of globalization of science and technology R&D that brings its own questions: How essential is it for the United States to maintain its broad leadership in S&E?
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A principal objective should be to attract the best graduate students and postdoctoral scholars re gardless of national origin. The United States should make every effort to encourage domestic-student interest in S&E programs and careers.
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2. What is the impact of the US academic system on international graduate students' and postdoctoral scholars' intellectual development, careers, and perceptions of the United States?
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The evidence that large international graduate-student enrollment may re duce enrollment of domestic students is sparse and contradictory but suggests that direct displacement effects are small compared with pull factors. Finding 3-2: There are substantial differences among S&E fields in training and career patterns.
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Those environmental factors discourage international students and scholars from applying to US colleges and universities and discourage colleagues who would otherwise send their students to the United States. Recent improvements in processing time and duration of Visas Mantis clearances are a positive step, but extending visa validity peri ods and Mantis clearances commensurate with a period of study has not been uniform across nationalities.
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Other countries are expanding their technologic and educational ca pacities and creating more opportunities for participation by interna tional students. The natural expansion of education in the rest of the world increases the potential supply of talent for the United States and at the same time increases competition for the best graduate students and postdoctoral scholars.
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b. Travel for Scientific Meetings: Means should be found to allow international graduate students and postdoctoral scholars who are at tending or appointed at US institutions to attend scientific meetings that are outside the United States without being seriously delayed in re entering the United States to complete their studies and training.
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Maintaining and strengthening the S&E enterprise of the United States, particularly by attracting the best domestic and international graduate students and postdoctoral scholars, will require the cooperation of government, universities, and industry to agree on an appropriate balance between openness, mobility, and economic and national security. Making choices will not be easy, but the recommendations provided here define priorities, data, and analyses needed to determine substantive steps that will advance the vitality of US research and attract the talented people necessary to perform it.
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