Strengthening U.S.-Russian Cooperation on Nuclear Nonproliferation Recommendations for Action (2005) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix H Development of a Strategic Master Plan for Disposition of Decommissioned Russian Nuclear-Powered Fleet and Rehabilitation of Hazardous Radioactive Sites and Facilities of Its Support Infrastructure, S. Antipov, L. Bolshov, and A. Sarkisov
Appendix H Development of a Strategic Master Plan for Disposition of Decommissioned Russian Nuclear-Powered Fleet and Rehabilitation of Hazardous Radioactive Sites and Facilities of Its Support Infrastructure, S. Antipov, L. Bolshov, and A. Sarkisov
Pages 65-80
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From page 65... ...
nologies, transportation routes, a whole host of natural and The international community has developed an apprecia- sociopolitical factors, as well as external limitations that are tion for the fact that the effective use of international finan- imposed by the enterprises that are part of nuclear fuel cycle cial aid provided to the Russian Federation to effect strategic and that are involved in complex disposition, represents an arms reductions compliant with relevant international agree- example of a complex system that requires systemic analyments, as well as to overcome the major environmental chal- sis. In carrying out this analysis, priorities should be given to lenges which materialized as a legacy of many years of the issues of human safety, the security of the nuclear and the Cold War, does, indeed, warrant solid scientific analyses and radioactive materials, and risk analyses.
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From page 66... ...
FIGURE 3 Nuclear-powered attack submarine with a liquid metalcooled reactor (Alpha)
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From page 67... ...
FIGURE 8 Buoyant servicing boat Imandra. FIGURE 9 Oil tanker Vala.
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From page 68... ...
Implementation of a practicable solution of such a topical However, the presence of a considerable amount of spent problem as disposition of the nuclear-powered fleet and its nuclear fuel on nuclear-powered submarines, coastal servicsupport infrastructure has become much more challenging ing bases, and other facilities subject to a multipronged disbecause of a confluence of the following circumstances: position effort represents a substantial potential hazard. The levels of radioactivity at disposition sites are almost 40 times · Rapidity of decommissioning of nuclear-powered sub- higher than those that result from nuclear weapons testing.
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From page 69... ...
· A great amount of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste is confined at the two former coastal servicing bases pronounced because of the continually deteriorating condi- in Andreeva Bay and Gremikha. Even though the true condition of the nuclear-powered ships and vessels and their ser- tion of these bases is not quite clear, the compounds of these vicing and maintenance infrastructures.
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From page 70... ...
any significant rise over the last six years. · Decisions regarding where to situate regional disposal Keeping in mind the amount of domestic funding allosites for solid radioactive waste and where to build the requi- cated by Russia for disposition activities and realizing that a site infrastructure have not yet been made.
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From page 71... ...
acts as administrator of the NDEP Sup- according to a Russian Government resolution, acts as the port Fund. The Agreement on Multilateral Nuclear Environ- customer and coordinating authority for the multipronged mental Program in the Russian Federation has set up a legal disposition activities)
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From page 72... ...
In compliance with current recommendations waste and spent nuclear fuel. This bodes well for the pros of the International Commission on Radiological Protection pects of international cooperation in the field of the multi (Publication 60)
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In addition to the above-mentioned milestones in the of the Russian Federation and the law "On Radiation Safety improvement of the top-level legal and regulatory environof the Population." ment, the following measures are deemed prudent: 5. The Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Man · To consider the possibility and the need for agement and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Manage amending "Main Sanitary Rules for Ensuring Radiament signed in 1998 still has not been ratified.
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From page 74... ...
For example, at the Andreeva Bay base, · storage facilities for ~24,000 m3 of solid radioactive temporary storage facilities for spent nuclear fuel (Figure waste; and 15, Buildings 2A, 2B, and Figure 16, Building 3A) were · storage facilities for ~10,000 m3 of liquid radioactive constructed in 1965 and were originally intended as storage waste.
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From page 75... ...
identified for operations involving nuclear-powered subma rines, nuclear maintenance support vessels, nuclear-powered 4. There is a lack of trustworthy information regarding surface ships, coastal servicing bases, spent nuclear fuel, and the numbers, types, and current conditions of spent nuclear radioactive waste.
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From page 76... ...
equivalent dose rate at control points does not exceed the natural background level; and the concentrations of the technogenic radionuclides 60Co and 137C in the soil equal 1 MAIN SOURCES OF RADIOLOGICAL AND NUCLEAR to 10 Bq/kg and 10 to 30 Bq/kg, respectively, which do not HAZARD UNDER CURRENT CONDITIONS exceed 0.01 of the maximum allowable concentrations. Section Four of the document sequentially looks at all In the area where the Atomflot servicing and maintenance main sources of actual and potential hazard while conduct- company has kept, for many years now, its nuclear-powered ing multifaceted disposition and environmental rehabilita- icebreakers and buoyant servicing boats Lepse, Imandra, and tion activities.
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. 500 500 - 100 100 50 50 10 10 5 0 ÏÍ«,/~ FIGURE 20 Dose rate at the Gremikha base (at 0.1 m off the ground)
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Significant tion, much less on region-wide radiation levels. The concen- quantities of these wastes are not reprocessed or neutralized, trations of technogenic radionuclides in the air do not exceed so these potential sources of hazard pile up in depots and 105 of the respective maximum allowable concentrations.
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From page 79... ...
The radiological potential of the spent nuclear fuel surface ships with nuclear propulsion systems; stored under unacceptable conditions at the Andreeva Bay · Resolve issues of management and reprocessing of and Gremikha bases is comparable to that of decommis- spent nuclear fuel from liquid-metal coolant reactors on Alsioned nuclear-powered submarines subject to disposition. pha-class nuclear-powered submarines; Given the intact condition of the containment barriers on · Set up a modern, high-capacity complex for processnuclear-powered submarines with unloaded spent nuclear ing, conditioning, and providing long-term storage for solid fuel, activities that will ensure the speediest possible devel- radioactive waste; opment and implementation of projects that will lay a safe · Resolve issues of the handling and disposition of the groundwork for the removal of spent nuclear fuel and that buoyant servicing base Lepse (which at present is in a critiwill allow the removal of spent nuclear fuel to be carried out cally defunct state)
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From page 80... ...
· Reliable data on the amount, type, and condition of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste in storage at such In the course of resolving the most important task -- Task sites; 6, which called for the creation of a methodology for prior · Conceptual solutions for the management of the spent ity-level justification and a rank-order listing of sites, items, nuclear fuel (including defective spent nuclear fuel) in stor- pressing tasks, and priority activities -- all the requisite data age at such sites; were collected through a combination of calculations, analy · A final decision committing to the management of re- ses, and expert assessments with the broad-based engageactor fuel from Alpha-class nuclear-powered submarines; ment of specialists from the scientific community and pro · The category of "very-low-activity solid radioactive duction and operations entities.
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