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Strengthening U.S.-Russian Cooperation on Nuclear Nonproliferation Recommendations for Action (2005) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix K Means and Methods of Overcoming Barriers in Cooperation: Mindset Gap as a Legacy of the Cold War; Cooperation in Exploration and Utilization of Cosmic Space, S. A. Popov
Pages 86-90

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From page 86...
... The experiment took The vision is that Russia's space activities should place in 1975 and included a docking of the two piloted spacecraft -- both of which had been designed by their re- · Observe modern international law and international spective countries in a standalone fashion and to their own agreements regulating countries' activities related to the exstandards and specifications -- and a docked flight in a low- ploration and utilization of cosmic space (including agreeEarth orbit. This first experience of bilateral space coopera- ments made by the former USSR, as well as those in effect tion had shown that, if the political will of the leadership is today)
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From page 87...
... When conducting space-related activities The goal of the Agreement was to expand cooperation in the prevention of arms acquisition and dual-use items for a mili- · The Russian party has the right to attract nonbudget tary end use in cases in which the situation in some country sources of funding, including personal savings; or the politics of this country's government became a con- · Organizations and private citizens participating in cern for the international community. implementation of space-related projects may be entitled to Pursuant to the Wassenaar Agreement, Russia has set up significant guarantees and benefits by the government; a system of export controls for sensitive items and technolo- · Foreign investment in space activities associated with gies of the military or dual-use variety.
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From page 88...
... However, the Russian law also allows, under the space research. The partner space agencies participating in government's control and with its assistance, mutually benthe assembly of the ISS expect that the cooperation and co- eficial cooperation in space-related activities on lower levels ordination of activities during the preparation and implemen- (e.g., joint ventures, the interaction of individual scientific tation of science programs on the ISS will help achieve most and production facilities, and projects under the auspices of efficient utilization of each individual partner's capabilities the International Science and Technology Center)
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From page 89...
... The support may be projoint venture has encountered, the following challenges need vided through to be pointed out: · Government guarantees for international loans taken to · Preservation of scientific and technological know-how implement such projects and and intellectual property; · Exemption from the value-added tax, duties, and other · Definition and incorporation into international space customs fees on foreign components, elements, and other law -- which regulates countries' liabilities for space-related units intended for a limited-number production of various activities -- of the unique features of the Sea Launch project Russian spacecraft needs to upgrade its orbital constellation run by privately owned companies (i.e., the notions of or to ensure its extended active existence in orbit. This pro"launching country" and "liability for damage to a third vision could also work for foreign experimental, simulation, party" will gain in prominence)
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From page 90...
... Strategic Defense Ini- security interests because high-power nuclear propulsion tiative Organization's budget, specifically, from the line item may be effectively used in space surveillance systems, inintended for space-based nuclear power generation systems cluding those supporting the ballistic missile defense (Assessment of the TOPAZ International Program, TOPAZ system. Committee, Washington, D.C., 1996)
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Key Terms

  • missile defense
  • sea launch
  • nuclear propulsion
  • export control
  • russian federal

  • ballistic missile
  • space activities
  • intellectual work
  • mutual understanding
  • external economic

  • foreign entities
  • power generation
  • russian space
  • federal space
  • russian spacecraft

  • space technology
  • russian entities
  • space exploration
  • russian government
  • space station

  • space programs
  • missile technologies
  • international cooperative
  • life support
  • missile technology

  • foreign investment
  • joint venture
  • export controls
  • controlled items
  • legal environment


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