Reopening Public Facilities After a Biological Attack A Decision Making Framework (2005) / Chapter Skim
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9 Sampling Strategies and Technologies
9 Sampling Strategies and Technologies
Pages 120-136
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Laboratory Response Network (LRN)
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From page 121... ...
In addition to being able to test for Category A biological agents, a few LRN public health laboratones are able to measure human exposure to toxic chemicals through tests on clinical specimens. Military—Laboratones operated by the Department of Defense, including the U.S.
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From page 122... ...
Consequently, in the case in which viability is important and the ability to grow samples in culture becomes important, the choice of sampling and preservation methods is crucial. Specific sampling protocols should follow a General Sampling Plan, descubed later, which is developed by stakeholders, laboratones, and representahons of public health and law enforcement agencies.
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From page 123... ...
The systems engineenug discipline can help define the samplmg subsystems, interfaces, and tradeoff analyses in the general sampling plan. The subsystems definition will follow along the lines of bulk samplmg, surface sampling, and air samplmg with interfaces to training and guidance to the sampling staff, microbial analysis plans for the identified agents, data management, and sample archiving.
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From page 124... ...
Special attention would be given to samples for use by law enforcement agencies if maintaining the chain of custody is important. The general sampling plan should have clearly defined objectives; acceptance criteria for sample and analysis data; a calculation of the number and types of samples desired; and a microbial analysis plan and a risk assessment plan, each statistically ngorous.
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From page 125... ...
verify the extent of residual contamination, and provide data for re-occupancy decisions. Using Regular Sampling intervals Ideally, cost and laboratory support notwithstanding, regular sampling of the contaminated site should begin concurrently with specimen testing of exposed personnel and patients.
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On-site rapid identification can be accomplished by one or several of sensors and hits for a small range of biological agents. Commercially available test devices (not endorsed, but listed in Box 9-1 for illustration)
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Confirmatory procedures include Iysis by Y-phage, direct fluorescence assay, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and the use of advanced technology tools such as timeresolved fluorescence, and PCR testing. Human specimen samples from, and clinical observation of, people who are potentially exposed also can be part of the general sampling plan.
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From page 128... ...
However, bulk samples cannot be used m place of air samples: Bulk samples do not accurately reflect past, future, or even current bioaerosol exposures. Researchers who have collected parallel bulk and air samples have seen differences that reflect the presence of different biological agents on surfaces amd m the air (Fox amd Rosario, 1994)
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Along with air sampling, surface sampling allows repeated measurements within the sampling phases mentioned earlier. Because of the three-dimensional nature of surfaces amenable to contamination (walls, ceilings, floors, furniture, equipment, duct work)
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; sample handling (packaging and shipment, sample analysis, sample interpretation) ; and specific collection procedures, matenals, and equipment (bulk sampling, surface sampling with wipes and swabs, surface sampling by HEPA vacuuming, air sampling)
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Quantitative PCR analysis was compared with culture analysis, and there was, a discussion of the inhibition of microbial growth in the analyses attributable to non-biological contaminants in the carpet. However, the wetting agent, the volume of extraction nose, and the amount inoculated onto the culture plate were different enough from those used in other investigations to make comparisons difficult Air Sampling The physical pnuciples of particulate sampling are well established, and the adaptation to sampling for biological agents is rapidly maturing.
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From page 132... ...
The collection efficiency for air sampling is generally divided into three components (Willeke and Macher, 1999) : · Inlet sampling efficiency is a measure of the ability of a sampling inlet to entrain particles from the ambient environment regardless of particle size, shape, or aerodynamic behavior.
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specifications (particle size range, flow rate, collection media) must be matched to the sampling plan and objectives (Box 9-2)
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Reconunendation 9-4 The general sampling plan should be the result of the consensus of facility stakeholders; medical, public health, and envirommental experts; decontamination technologists; laboratory analysts; and worker safety representatives. It should encompass three phases: (1)
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asp, ECBC (Edgewood Chemical Biological Center)
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From page 136... ...
Macher 1999. Air Sampling.
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