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6 Atomic Bomb Survivor Studies
Pages 141-154

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From page 141...
... In addition, the cohort Because of its many advantages, the LSS cohort of Aincludes a large number of survivors exposed at low doses, bomb survivors serves as the single most important source allowing some direct assessment of effects at these levels. of data for evaluating risks of low-linear energy transfer The exposure is a whole-body exposure, which makes it pos radiation at low and moderate doses.
From page 142...
... 142 BEIR VII of radiation exposure on other health outcomes including they are not available before 1958 and do not include subbenign tumors and mortality from causes of death other than jects who have migrated from Hiroshima or Nagasaki.1 cancer. These are discussed at the end of the chapter.
From page 143...
... models have also been evaluated. With relative risk (ERR)
From page 144...
... The shape of the exposure in A-bomb survivors (Folley and others 1952) and dose-response did not show statistically significant differhas the highest relative risk of any cancer.
From page 145...
... ATOMIC BOMB SURVIVOR STUDIES 145 slightly higher for the incidence data, where 11% of 4327 and attained age, but also pay attention to a model in which cancers in the exposed were estimated to result from radia- the ERR varies only with age at exposure since the evidence tion exposure (Thompson and others 1994)
From page 146...
... evalu Pierce and Preston (2000) investigated solid cancer risks ated threshold models in which the risk was zero up to a at low doses using cancer incidence data for 1958­1994, thus given threshold and then increased linearly.
From page 147...
... With EAR fying risk, in evaluating modifying factors, and even in models, statistically significant departures from the solid determining whether or not there is a dose-response relation- cancer temporal model were found for lung cancer, which ship. Although it is likely that radiosensitivity varies across increased more rapidly with attained age than other solid sites, it is often not possible to separate true differences from cancers, and breast cancer, which decreased more rapidly chance fluctuations.
From page 148...
... The influence of these factors on breast cancer risks in zero for cancers of the stomach, colon, liver, and lung. It women in the LSS cohort was similar to that found in other should be noted that the size of the ERR/Sv may be affected studies.
From page 149...
... . Although sevfect, with an ERR/Sv of 13 for breast cancer occurring be eral other cohorts provide data on thyroid cancer risks from fore age 35 compared to an ERR/Sv of about 2 for breast external radiation exposure in childhood (Ron and others cancer occurring after age 35.
From page 150...
... Recently, Pierce and coworkers (2003) evaluated the joint Liver cancer is one of the most frequently occurring can effects of smoking and radiation on lung cancer incidence cers in Japan and the third most common cancer (after stom through 1994 in a subset of about 45,000 members of the ach and lung)
From page 151...
... . The estimated relative risk at 1 Gy was 4.1 (95% CI 1.7, Central Nervous System Cancers 14.0)
From page 152...
... significant. The dose-responses for all nervous system tu- Lifetime noncancer risks for people exposed to 1 Sv were mors and for schwannomas were both statistically signifi- estimated to be similar to those for solid cancer for those cant when limited to subjects with doses of less than 1 Sv, exposed as adults, and about half those for solid cancer for and there was no evidence that the slope for this low-dose those exposed as children.
From page 153...
... ing age) ; modifying effects for uterine myoma are discussed Cologne and Preston (2000)
From page 154...
... . Papers focusing on the following cancer sites vors who were in the city at the time of the bombings and for have been published in the last decade: female breast cancer, whom it is possible to estimate doses.


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