Autonomous Vehicles in Support of Naval Operations (2005) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 158-186
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that are critical for integrating unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) into network-centric operations.
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The Global Hawk provides a hands-off, fire-and-forget mode of operation by preplanning and scheduling not only routes but locations to be imaged. With one keystroke the Global Hawk will taxi to the runway, take off, perform its mission, and return and land accurately without further human intervention.
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used in Panasonic Toughbook 34 mission planning · Maps downloaded from NIMA Web site FIGURE 7.2 Dragon Eye command and control. SOURCE: Col Barry Ford, USMC, Chief of Staff, Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory, "Autonomous Vehicles in Support of Marine Corps Operations," presentation to the committee, December 9, 2002.
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programs to develop the needed mission control technology. Conclusions Concerning Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Command and Control The Navy needs to evolve the Tactical Control System from a focus on providing a single-product solution for UAV command and control to a program providing the technological basis and proof of concept for Navy leadership in an effort defining standards and protocols for UAV control.
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SOURCE: Maj Scott Hatfield, USAF, USAF Command, Control, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Center, "Predator Support to NATO Operations," briefing to Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Conference, September 21-23, 1999. Particular dissemination throughput requirements are a function of sensor type, ground track resolution, data compression, and any onboard processing.
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Global Hawk Ku Imagery SATCOM 0.5 -50Mbps Exploitation Element Imagery 1.5 -50Mbps Imagery 1.5 -50Mbps Warfighting Elements C2V Mission Control Element Tasking FIGURE 7.5 Global Hawk over-the-horizon communications architecture. NOTE: C2V, command-and-control vehicle.
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, "PMA 263 Naval Unmanned Aerial Vehicles," presentation to the committee, April 25, 2003.
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2002. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Roadmap 2002-2027, Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., December, p.
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connectivity to deployed naval forces. It is used for the dissemination of imagery, including imagery provided by UAVs.
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In particular, a laser communications terminal has been funded for the Global Hawk that would allow insertion of Global Hawk ISR data into the very high bandwidth, space-based network. A conceptual system architecture is shown in Figure 7.8.
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2000. Network-Centric Naval Forces: A Transition Strategy for Enhancing Operational Capabilities, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
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. INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE, AND RECONNAISSANCE AND UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES Current Capabilities and Issues Operation Iraqi Freedom is the first war in which the long-standing goal of dominant situation awareness approached reality.
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: 1,700 · Unmanned Aerial Vehicles -- Hellfire missiles (MQ-1) : 7 -- Predator (RQ-1)
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These new sensors will require low-burden means of access that can be provided for by micro air vehicles that fly to a point and "perch and sense" the environment from short or medium range, thereby solving the sensitivity and ambiguity problems associated with long ranges. Other unmanned systems that deploy unattended autonomous ground sensors will play a critical role in fulfilling the mission called Intelligent Preparation of the Battlefield.
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This approach will require sufficient communications bandwidth. Under this approach, enabled by modern communications and networking capabilities (see the preceding major section, "Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Communications")
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Conclusions Concerning Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Working with the DOD and the other Services, the Navy needs to develop a robust, joint, network-centric environment for exploitation and time-critical targeting using UAV and other ISR data. This environment needs to permit realtime collaboration by geographically dispersed analysts to maximize their utiliza
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. If the Navy is to take maximum advantage of autonomous vehicles to support its future operations, there will be many such vehicles of many types, and they will need to work together effectively, preferably in any reasonable ad hoc combination.
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During Operation Iraqi Freedom, a wide variety of communications equipment in use led to information overload (when information was received over too many different networks) and at the same time to a need to hop-scotch among different, noninteroperable systems at moments when either of the communicating parties had different subsets of equipment available or some systems could communicate successfully and others could not.
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Other potential bandwidth bottlenecks that may affect UAV interoperability include the umbilical link (if any) between the UAV and suitable relay points, either for transferring data from the UAV or for relaying sensor and control information.
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Trust as a Constraining Factor on Interoperability Because it has proven exceedingly difficult to ensure that a piece of computing equipment can successfully separate users cleared at some level from information classified above that level, we live in a world of military systems that are significantly replicated and segregated by security level. The introduction of AVs into this world (e.g., whether a sensor is carried by a U-2 or a Global Hawk)
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. UNMANNED SPACE SYSTEMS In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, a small, unmanned space vehicle (or satellite)
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. The Navy's use of unmanned space systems in Operation Iraqi Freedom ranged from GPS navigation of ships, aircraft, and Marines; to fleet and over-thehorizon satellite communications; to the exploitation of national ISR capabilities supporting reconnaissance, targeting, and bomb damage assessment.
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Space-Based Radar Another program that could hold great benefits for Navy and Marine Corp systems is the Space Based Radar program.8 This transformational Air Force/ National Reconnaissance Office program is designed to achieve theaterwide persistent situational awareness by a combination of ground movement surveillance via GMTI radar and reconnaissance imagery via SAR. The system as envisioned would consist of a constellation of radar satellites, which would provide constant worldwide coverage of multiple theaters of interest around the globe.
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Early involvement by Navy and Marine Corps personnel in the Air Force/ NRO program could present a tremendous opportunity for the Navy to get its truly global surveillance needs and future requirements integrated into the SBR system.
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systems and the autonomous vehicle control systems that they task are loosely coupled. Furthermore, a tight vertical integration of autonomy capability, between the com
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Control and Interoperability of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles An interoperability policy with "teeth" (funding control) is required that takes into account the need to modify business or contractual relationships with suppliers in order to make interoperability feasible from a business perspective.
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systems for autonomous vehicles. Specifically: Develop an Adequately Funded FORCEnet Implementation Plan.
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INTEGRATING AUTONOMY IN NETWORK-CENTRIC OPERATIONS 185 surveillance data and to plan and control SBR maritime surveillance missions should be given particular consideration. The CNO should direct liaison with both the Joint Staff (in particular, J6 -- Joint Staff experts on command, control, communications, and computers)
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