Globalization of Materials R&D Time for a National Strategy (2005) / Chapter Skim
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3 Benchmarking of Materials Science and Engineering R&D
3 Benchmarking of Materials Science and Engineering R&D
Pages 63-93
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From page 63... ...
. In that report, COSEPUP recommended that the United States aim to be among the world leaders in all major fields of science so that it could quickly apply and extend advances in science wherever they occur.
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From page 64... ...
Research Fields, Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press (2000) ; referred to hereinafter as the "2000 benchmarking report." 3It was not within the scope of this study to repeat the complete benchmarking process recom mended and executed in the 2000 benchmarking report.
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From page 65... ...
The report of the materials benchmarking panel4 addressed the following subfields: biomaterials, composites, magnetic materials, metals, electronic and optical-photonic materials, superconducting materials, polymers, and catalysts. The panel determined that the United States was among the world leaders in all the subfields of materials science and engineering research and the leader in some subfields, although not in the field as a whole.
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From page 66... ...
research in each of the materials subfields, the 2000 benchmarking report pondered possible future developments for each of the sub fields. To assess the impacts of today's level of globalization on MSE R&D, the predictions of that report are presented herein alongside a current snapshot of benchmarking analysis for each of the subfields.5 The predictions from the 2000 benchmarking report are summarized in the bulleted introduction to each section.6 Biomaterials · The 2000 benchmarking report stated that U.S.
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From page 67... ...
Much of the growth in biomaterials research in the United States was catalyzed by rapid growth in the number and size of U.S. biomedical engineering departments, catalyzed by a focused infusion of money from federal, state, and private sources.
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While the quantity of biomaterials research is large and growing, most of the work is highly observational. Little is understood about cellular or tissue response to material structure, from the nano through the macro, and there is a debate between the materials and biology communities about whether the material per se is a factor.
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From page 69... ...
Areas where the United States was among the world leaders and where the United States should maintain position in the future included three-dimensional nanoporous silicates, microwave dielectrics, and elec trophoretic preparation of thin films. The United States was not expected to seriously challenge the Japanese leadership position in integrated micro magnetics.
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From page 70... ...
In the 2000 benchmarking report, Japan was noted as "sharing the R&D leadership" role with the United States, and Japan remains a strong force in ceram ics R&D. However, since the 2000 report, Korea has emerged as an important player in ceramics R&D and China is beginning to emerge as one.
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From page 71... ...
Since then, the leadership position has been challenged -- not least of all because of European investments in the commercial and military aerospace industries. Europe has moved to the front line of composites manufacturing and modeling, particularly in polymeric composites.
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activity. Industry has pulled much funding away from R&D for new materials technologies.11 Existing platforms and programs suffer from being risk-averse -- that is, from wanting to use existing materials -- and manufacturers do not want to disrupt production to insert new materials.
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Magnetic Materials · In the 2000 benchmarking report, the United States was described as "catch ing up with the leaders in international research on magnetic materials and magnetism." The panel found that the vitality of magnetic recording and the phenomenon of colossal magnetoresistance were starting to produce a renaissance in fundamental magnetism research in the United States. The 2000 report did not address some areas in magnetic materials research that have become important to the field in the last 5 years.
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Metals · The 2000 benchmarking report concluded that "in all probability, the U.S. lead will remain, but that is not a certainty." The panel concluded that the
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The 2000 benchmarking report stated that computer modeling of material processing was the strength of the U.S. industry.
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76 G L O B A L I Z A T I O N O F MA T E R I A L SR & D TABLE 3.1 The Loss of Metals-Related R&D Jobs in the United States Since 1980a No. of Employees Research Laboratories 1980 Year Closed 2004 Nonferrous industry Anaconda 100 1983 0 ASARCO 95 1992 0 St.
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The panel predicted that as semiconductor technology approached the 100 nm scale, the United States and others would make these advances more or less equally, if not as partners. The panel concluded that the United States would continue its leadership position in compound semiconductors (GaAs, GaAlAs)
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Recently there has been rejuvenation in U.S. materials research to address the
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companies maintained world leadership in the design, manufacture, and characterization of long-length conductors, although the panel warned that "the shift in U.S. corporate research away from longer-term basic stud ies presents a question for the future." The panel noted that the momentum at that time favored relative improvements in the U.S.
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80 G L O B A L I Z A T I O N O FM A T E R I A L SR & D ued strong federal investment in basic and applied research, that position would change. The panel concluded that the United States was poised, with strong processing and manufacturing capabilities and a growing talent pool, to capture a substantial segment of the superconducting market.
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The U.S. 2G leadership position is being challenged by a number of companies in Japan, Korea, China, and Europe.
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scientists working on superconductivity are among the world leaders in nearly all component fields of superconducting materials. The United States, however, does not dominate in any, because other countries share or sur pass the U.S.
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world leadership in polymer research. The report also noted that environmental and life-cycle concerns were drivers for polymer research and development in Europe and were becoming drivers in the United States.
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polymer research infrastructure that can successfully commercialize emerging products. Catalysts · The 2000 benchmarking report concluded that the leading position of the United States relative to the rest of the world in the subfield of catalysts was "likely to lose ground as a result of the targeted funding aimed at growing capabilities in other countries." The panel warned that catalysis research could stagnate in the United States without "stronger, better equipped re 13 American Chemical Society, Globalization and the Chemical Industry, ACS Industry Pavilion (2002)
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85 a 263 591 1,890 6,487 owing 2,027 10,707 3,888 2004 10,496 11,302 gr a 213 947 8,908 1,657 6,129 1,844 9,505 showing 2003 12,784 13,741 487 558 8,620 1,636 1,504 6,180 exception, 8,976 5,064 2002 13,957 the is Balance 187 645 575 8,084 2,075 1,304 6,455 Trade 3,597 plastics 2001 13,288 for a 7,981 2,381 6,805 2,686 8,027 35,522 14,084 34,740 2004 112,226 situation the 7,420 2,129 5,611 2,481 6,858 oding, 32,887 12,161 31,517 2003 101,054 er been has 6,019 1,619 4,235 2,357 6,167 2002 30,365 10,760 24,749 86,271 y industr 6,153 1,890 3,750 2,478 5,927 Imports 2001 29,712 10,401 18,628 78,939 chemical a the $) 5,954 2,644 7,396 4,576 25,026 24,791 23,438 14,514 in 2004 108,338 trade of (million .
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The panel noted the need for continued investment in catalysis research targeted at encouraging innovation and allowing U.S. industry to participate in the growth of emerging markets.
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As many of the major industries that use catalysts have refocused attention on serving overseas demand, catalysis research in the United States has suffered. Since 15International Trade Commission, Report No.
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However, many exciting areas for catalysis research remain and could sustain a healthy re search base in catalysis. Nanomaterials · The materials subfield of nanomaterials was not addressed as an individual subfield in the 2000 benchmarking report; in the section on electronic and optoelectronic materials, the report noted that in the field of nanotechnol ogy, the United States had traditionally been a leader in exploratory nano structures, including quantum wires and dots.
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Table 3.4 shows the growth in select nanomaterials research areas, according to the cumulative number of publications found using the Los Alamos National Laboratory FlashPoint Multidatabase literature search tool. Literature analyses such as these reveal the maturity of nanomaterials research and point to some of the hot topics.
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From page 90... ...
and European investments. Figure 3.5 shows that venture capital is the most significant source of support for TABLE 3.4 Growth in Select Nanomaterials Research Areas Literature Search Term Year Nanoparticle Nanotube Quantum Dot 2000 712 837 3,346 2001 1,075 1,449 3,755 2002 1,692 2,057 4,259 2003 2,372 2,920 5,010 NOTE: Based on the cumulative number of publications found using the Los Alamos National Laboratory FlashPoint Multidatabase literature search tool.
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In summary, while the United States leads global activity in nanomaterials and nanotechnology as measured by the number of corporations engaged in the subfield, it is too early to say which region of the world, if any, is going to show clear leadership as this field matures. The use of nanotechnology in many electronic and optical-photonic materials and devices means the U.S.
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the growth of an industry outside the United States leads to a decline in domestic research and (2) a proactive industry forms a strategy, and the strong materials R&D base in the United States is sustained.
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From page 93... ...
Globalization of MSE R&D is proceeding rapidly, in line with broader trends toward globalization. As a result of increasing international trade and investment, the emergence of new markets, and the growth of the Internet and the global communications system, MSE R&D in the United States is an internationalized activity with a diverse set of international partners.
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