Sustainability in the Chemical Industry Grand Challenges and Research Needs (2006) / Chapter Skim
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2. Enabling Science and Technology That Drives the Application of Sustainable Chemistry
2. Enabling Science and Technology That Drives the Application of Sustainable Chemistry
Pages 19-40
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From page 19... ...
Overall, approaches are needed to create more cross-talk between all members of the chemical enterprise. Ideally, the science and technology carried out by chemists and chemical engineers will be identical to the practices of green chemistry and engineering3 and the overarching sustainability goals they support.
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From page 20... ...
One principle of green chemistry is that catalytic processes are preferred to stoichiometric ones. Catalysis is often used in petrochemical and bulk chemical industries where semicontinuous and continuous processing is commonplace, but less so in the fine chemical and pharmaceutical industries where batch processing is the rule.
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From page 21... ...
In pursuit of its vision and research goals, CEBC is guided by the principles of "Green Engineering" and "Green Chemistry". Safer Solvent Selection Another important green chemistry principle is to use safer solvents and reaction conditions by avoiding use of organic solvents, separation agents, or other auxiliary chemicals.
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From page 22... ...
June 28-30, 2004. 8th Annual Green Chemistry & Engineering Conference, Washington, D.C.
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" This task is difficult because most of them have received little training in green chemistry, either in their academic or industrial experience. Fortunately, there are resources becoming available from a variety of sources.
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From page 24... ...
-- which is readily available from their web site at http://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/tools/ html. GCES allows users to build a green chemical process, design a green chemical, or survey the field of green chemistry.
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From page 25... ...
Hence, more development is needed to make these thermal control technologies for chemical processes commercially viable at larger scales. Purification and Recovery Once a molecule of interest has been created it must be separated and isolated from the reaction at a desired state of purity consistent with product specifications.
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From page 26... ...
Design for Degradation Design for degradation is another principle of green chemistry. Chemical products should be designed to break down into innocuous substances after use so that they do not accumulate in the environment.
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From page 27... ...
This involves having a keen understanding of the metabolism of chemical products -- that is, their industrial ecology13 -- from the extraction of raw materials and creation of products, to their use and management of any resulting wastes. Life cycle analysis or assessment (LCA)
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From page 28... ...
, quality, and supply chain of raw and platform chemicals (including the management of their toxicity -- MSDS contents need to be completed and verified for numerous products) · Optimization of the chemical processing industry (CPI)
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From page 29... ...
has expanded the traditional process boundary, considering up and downstream processes in terms of energy and materials use, waste generation, and business value creation.16 Some of these items require further technological developments and other related sustainability research programs in order to provide adequate answers and solutions. According to Warner and coworkers,17 LCA should function as a strategic link between green chemistry and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
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From page 30... ...
Other information is either inconsistent or not thorough in terms of relevant environmental data. Human Toxicity Data In order to increase basic knowledge of the biological impacts of chemicals on human health, and to generate the experimental and/or theoretical values needed for a quantitative toxicological assessment of a larger number of products (all major elements qualified to justify the forthcoming European REACH program)
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From page 31... ...
31 15, Agency, Individual Responses Lethality- Impaired- Development -Impaired Reproduction -Cancer Protection or Assays Tissue vivo In Organ Responses Environmental Altered- Physiology -Disrupted Homeostasis -Altered Development Function U.S.
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From page 32... ...
In some industrial countries, green politicians and parties are lobbying to lower the number of animals incorporated into toxicity tests, and regulations in this direction become more stringent each year. At the same time, it is crucial for scientists and toxicologists to generate reliable quantitative information on individual chemicals according to their respective biological effects (from identification of discrete molecular initiating events to adverse outcomes to molecular alterations and linkages across biological levels of organization)
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From page 33... ...
The selectivity and sensitivity of newer assay methods would have a positive impact on the accuracy and overall quality of the data, which in turn would affect the evaluation of uncertainty values that accompany published reference dose or concentration figures. Data issued from complementary toxicity studies (animal in vivo assays, epidemiological studies, computational toxicology, etc.)
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From page 34... ...
Computational toxicology is designed to address the questions of "when" and "how" to test chemicals because they could be hazardous, improving the prioritization of data requirements, and risk assessment. This multidisciplinary project of the EPA has been peer reviewed and evaluated by the experts in toxicology.
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From page 35... ...
-- from adding the chemical into the environment to the eventual biological effects · Develop approaches for prioritizing chemicals for subsequent screening, testing, and data generation in order to enhance the predictive understanding of toxicity pathways · Produce faster accurate assay methods (e.g. using systems biology to understand cells and organ's mode of functioning)
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From page 36... ...
Instead, most approaches involve energy intensity and consumption, mass intensities (including fossil resources and water) , and pollutant emissions (limited to the major compounds released in the air, water, and soil)
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From page 37... ...
. Part of GSK's Eco-Design Tool Kit includes a Green Chemistry Guide that offers guidance to GSK scientists and engineers on applying green chemistry concepts.
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From page 38... ...
25Atom economy is the ability to avoid loss of atoms in a chemical synthesis -- and is one of the 12 principles of green chemistry discussed in the Introduction. 26See Lauren Heine's comments, Workshop Summary in Appendix D, p.
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From page 39... ...
Such an effort will require science, technology, and harmonized strategic approaches across disciplines, industries, and geographic boundaries: Green Chemistry and Engineering. While chemists can currently make virtually any molecule using synthetic methods available to them, much more effort is needed in the development of green chemistry and engineering capabilities.
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From page 40... ...
Computational toxicology and QSAR (Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship) analysis will be significantly involved in generating such data, which will also need to be compiled in centralized and accessible databases.
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