Rising Above the Gathering Storm Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future (2007) / Chapter Skim
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International Students and Researchers in the United States
International Students and Researchers in the United States
Pages 377-396
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From page 377... ...
The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, caused drops in the numbers of international students applying to and enrolling in US graduate programs. In addition, other countries are developing their own systems of graduate education to recruit and retain more highly skilled students and professionals.
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From page 378... ...
Certainly, the United States S&E research enterprise depends critically on international students and scholars. Recommendations that various groups have made to maintain and enhance the ability of the United States to attract these highly skilled people include the following: • Create new nonimmigrant visa categories exempted from the 214b provision for doctoral-level graduate students and postdoctoral scholars.
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From page 379... ...
From 1985 to 2001, students from China, Taiwan, India, and South Korea earned more than half of the 148,000 US science and engineering doctoral degrees awarded to foreign students, four times the number awarded to students from Europe. The percentage of international students in US graduate schools has risen from 23.4% in 1982 to 34.5% in 2002 (see Figure IS-1)
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From page 380... ...
Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation, 2004. 30% Graduate Student Enrollment 25% Fraction of International Public 20% Private 15% R1 Doctorate-Granting 10% Master's-Granting 5% 0% 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 School Year FIGURE IS-2 Fraction of international graduate student enrollment, by institution type, 1992-2002.
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From page 381... ...
1999. In engineering fields, the share increased from 18.6 to 34.7% in the same period.7 Stay Rates of International Graduate Students and Scholars Representation of foreign-born scientists and engineers in US S&E occupations varies by field, country of origin, economic conditions in the sending country, and when the PhD was awarded.
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From page 382... ...
One study, for example, found that the immigration of skilled workers added to local skills rather than substituting for them.12 The authors' econometric analyses suggest that a 10% increase in the number of international graduate students would raise university patent grants by 6% and nonuniversity patent grants by 4%. The authors concluded that bureaucratic hurdles in obtaining student visas may impede innovation if they decrease the inflow of international graduate students.
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From page 383... ...
Policy Implications of International Graduate Students and Postdoctoral Scholars in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2005.
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From page 384... ...
countries have relaxed their immigration laws to attract high-skilled students and workers.19 Some are increasing growth in their international student populations and are encouraging these students to apply for resident status. Point-based immigration systems for high-skilled workers, while not widespread, are starting to develop.20 Canada, Australia, and New Zealand use 14D.
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From page 385... ...
In 2004, the European Union Justice and International Affairs council adopted a recommendation to facilitate the immigration of researchers from non-EU countries, asking member states to waive requirements for residence permits or to issue them automatically or through a fast-track procedure and to set no quotas that would restrict their admission. Also, the European Commission has adopted a directive for a special admissions procedure for third-world nationals coming to the EU to perform research.
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From page 386... ...
Council of Graduate Schools Finds Decline in New International Graduate Student Enrollment for the Third Consecutive Year. Washington, DC: Council of Graduate Schools, November 4, 2004.
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As countries develop knowledge-based economies, they seek to reap more of the benefits of international educational activities, including strong positive effects on gross domestic product (GDP) growth.26 Emerging econo 25Estimates based on the NSF Survey of Doctorate Recipients 2001, the NSF Survey of Graduate Students and Postdocs 2001, and the 2004 Sigma Xi National Postdoctoral Survey.
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From page 388... ...
The repercussions of the terror attacks of September 11, 2001, have included security-related changes in federal visa and immigration policy. Other immigration-related policies relevant to international student flows are international reciprocity agreements and deemed-export policies.
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29The National Academies. Policy Implications of International Graduate Students and Postdoctoral Scholars in the United States.
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As seen in the figure, the refusal rate for J-visa applicants rose steadily from 2000 through 2003. The adjusted refusal rate for F-visa applicants peaked in 2002.
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From page 391... ...
• Allow international students, scholars, scientists, and engineers to renew their visas in the United States.31 • Negotiate visa reciprocity agreements between the United States and key sending countries, such as China, to extend visa duration and to permit multiple entries.27,28 • In the case of deemed-export controls, clear students and scholars to conduct research and use equipment required for such research through the visa process.32 • Implement a points-based immigration policy, similar to that of Canada or the United Kingdom, in which US graduate education and S&E skills count toward obtaining US citizenship.33 31"Recommendations for Enhancing the US Visa System to Advance America's Scientific and Economic Competitiveness and National Security Interests," May 18, 2005, signed by the National Academies presidents and 38 higher education and business organizations. 32Association of American Universities.
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In April-June 2003, applicants waited an average of 67 days for completion of security checks associated with visa applications. cGovernment Accountability Office.
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From page 393... ...
Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom use such systems to recruit highly skilled workers. The Czech Republic set up a pilot project that started in 2004.
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has instituted the Busi ness Travel Card Scheme designed to liberalize trade and stimulate economic growth. The scheme facilitates travel for business people 38The UK Highly Skilled Migrant Programme Web page also has a points calculator.
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In addition to developing special programs and streamlining application processes, some countries have signed bilateral agreements while others have decided to offer job opportunities to graduates. • Canada Students no longer require study permits for stays of less than 6 months.
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43The scheme was highlighted in Sir Gareth Roberts' review, "The Supply of People with Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Skills" (see http://www.kent.ac.uk/stms/ research-gc/roberts-transferable-skills/roberts-recommendations.doc) , that the UK was suffering from a shortage of engineering, mathematics, and physical sciences students at university and skilled workers in the labor market.
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