Rising Above the Gathering Storm Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future (2007) / Chapter Skim
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Achieving Balance and Adequacy in Federal Science and Technology Funding
Achieving Balance and Adequacy in Federal Science and Technology Funding
Pages 397-414
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funding include the following: • Create a process in Congress that examines the entire FS&T budget before the total federal budget is aggregated into allocations to appropriations committees and subcommittees. • Establish a stronger coordinating and budgeting role for the Office of Science and Technology Policy to promote cohesion among federal R&D agencies.
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Among the steps that the federal government could take to ensure that funding for science and technology is adequate across fields are these: • Increase the budget for mathematics, the physical sciences, and engineering research by 12% a year for the next 7 years within the research accounts of the Department of Energy, the National Science Foundation, the National Institute for Standards and Technology, and the Department of Defense. • Return federal R&D funding to at least 1% of US gross domestic product.
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3National Science Foundation, National Science Board. Science and Engineering Indicators 2000.
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ACHIEVING BALANCE IN FEDERAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FUNDING Federal funding for science and technology in the United States historically has been balanced along several dimensions -- between research and development, between defense and nondefense R&D, between academic and nonacademic R&D performers, and so on. Much of this balance arises in a de facto manner from the independent actions of a wide range of array supporters and performers.
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• The President and Congress ensure that the FS&T budget is sufficient to allow the United States to achieve preeminence in a select number of fields and perform at a world-class level in other major fields. The Executive Branch responded by providing, as part of the President's budget submission, an analysis of the FS&T budget that encompasses federal funds spent specifically on scientific and technological research programs, the development and maintenance of the necessary research infrastructure, and the education and training of scientists and engineers.
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2,847 2,887 2,762 –125 –4% National Science Foundation .................................................................................... 3,524 3,432 3,480 48 1% Agriculture ..................................................................................................................
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2,693 2,760 2,709 –51 –2% National Science Foundation .................................................................................... 266 279 276 –3 –1% Agriculture ..................................................................................................................
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NSB 04-01. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation, 2004.
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Possible actions for the federal government to maintain the diversity 8National Research Council, Committee on Department of Defense Basic Research. Assess ment of Department of Defense Basic Research.
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Budget of the United States Government, Part Two: Analytical Perspectives. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2005.
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NSB 04-01. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation, 2004.
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Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1999. 15National Research Council, Office of Special Projects.
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Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. 18National Science Board.
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NSB 04-01. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation, 2004.
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The development of modern imaging machines was made possible to a great extent by advances in engineering and mathematics. The federal government could take several steps to ensure that funding for science and technology is adequate across fields: • Increase the budget for mathematics, the physical sciences, and engineering research by 12% a year for the next 7 years in the research accounts of the Department of Energy, the National Science Foundation, the National Institute for Standards and Technology, and the Department of Defense.20 19American Association for the Advancement of Science.
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2003 1995 4.5 4.0 Gross Expenditure on R&D as 3.5 Percentage of GDP 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 Sweden Finland Japan Korea United States Total OECD EU25 Australia China New Zealand Mexico FIGURE R&D-9 Gross expenditure on R&D investments as a percentage of GDP, for select countries, OECD, and EU, 1995 and 2003. SOURCE: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
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• Return federal R&D funding to at least 1% of the US GDP.21 • Minimize earmarks in science and technology funding because these types of research requests diminish the funding available for competitive merit-reviewed research.22 • Provide a tax credit to corporations that fund basic research in science and technology at our nation's universities. • Make the R&D tax credit permanent to promote private support of R&D, as requested by the Administration in the FY 2006 budget proposal.
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Intensive study of innovation as an engine of economic growth and social change in an extremely complex social context could provide guidance for policy-makers and other leaders. For example, is the current federal support of science and technology appropriately balanced across fields?
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