Rising Above the Gathering Storm Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future (2007) / Chapter Skim
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Science and Technology Issues in National and Homeland Security
Science and Technology Issues in National and Homeland Security
Pages 483-500
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From page 483... ...
is considered essential to achieving that goal, so throughout the Cold War the United States generously funded research and development, including basic research, that could contribute to national security. Since 1950, "defense" funding has been the largest component of the overall federal R&D budget, and it has been a majority of that funding since fiscal year (FY)
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Available at: http://www.aaas.org/spp/rd/histde06.pdf. the increasing commercialization and globalization of the traditional sources of S&T innovation for security have produced significant challenges for US national and homeland security policies.
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From page 485... ...
• Conduct a review of the current military and dual-use exportcontrol systems to identify policies that narrowly target exports of concern without needlessly burdening peaceful commerce; strengthen the multilateral cooperation essential to any effective export-control regime; streamline export classification, licensing, and reporting processes; and afford the President the authority and flexibility needed to advance US interests. • Establish a new framework for coordinating multilateral export controls based on harmonized export-control policies and enhanced defense cooperation with close allies and friends.
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From page 486... ...
rather than the 15% reduction called for by the President's budget request, although the gain would come largely in the form of earmarks.2 Beyond meeting the immediate perceived R&D needs of the US military, broad service policy documents, such as Joint Vision 2010 and 2020, look toward substantial expansions in the breadth and depth of S&T to support US strategy.3 The transformation goals set forth in DOD's 2001 1Funding for the 6.2 "applied research" account has gone up and down but now is 5.5% in FY 2005 compared with 7.6% in FY 1994. Constant dollar and percentage calculations by the Council on Competitiveness based on American Association for the Advancement of Science, "Historical Table: Trends in DOD ‘S&T,' 1994-2005." 2American Association for the Advancement of Science.
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From page 487... ...
These goals also will demand initiatives in new and emerging areas of S&T, such as those called for by the QDR and a recent Defense Science Board study.5 In addition, these changes are considered essential to sustaining the role that defense research has played in improving the broader health of the US S&T enterprise. Among the actions that have been proposed for the federal government are these: 4Department of Defense.
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From page 488... ...
Funding for R&D for homeland security is a much more recent enterprise. The majority of US homeland security R&D funding actually occurs outside DHS (see Table NHS-1)
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From page 489... ...
Figures adjusted from OMB data by AAAS to include conduct of R&D and R&D facilities, and revised estimates of DHS R&D. Figures do not include non-R&D homeland security activities, nor do they include DOD R&D investments in overseas combating terrorism.
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From page 490... ...
The dramatic consolidation and increasing globalization of many sectors of the traditional defense industrial base also have encouraged US efforts to find ways to enhance technology cooperation with close friends and allies. In the decade following the end of the Cold War, the 15 major US defense contractors shrank to four huge firms (see Figure NHS-4)
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FIGURE NHS-4 US defense mergers in the 1990s.
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From page 492... ...
Faced with adversaries who are far less technologically sophisticated or who are relying on technology to make rapid advances in their capabilities -- and for whom a much broader range of US technologies is thus potentially relevant than for a technologically advanced opponent like the Soviet Union -- there is a natural inclination to broaden the scope of US control efforts to cover as much as possible that could be of use. There is increasing concern that current policy initiatives serve neither technology transfer and cooperation on the one hand nor proliferation prevention on the other.14 In part, this is because technology-transfer policy is being pursued largely through a policy apparatus constructed during the Cold War that critics from many quarters charge has never genuinely adjusted to the new threats facing the United States.
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From page 493... ...
Periodic reviews of the DOE laboratories, for example, have proposed substantial changes, including consolidation of the laboratories and significant changes in management structures.19 More general concerns include how to ensure the quality of scientific personnel in the laboratories and whether measures should 15Center for Strategic and International Studies. Technology and Security in the 21st Cen tury: US Military Export Control Reform.
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From page 494... ...
. NDEA provided funding to enhance research facilities; fellowships to thousands of graduate students pursuing degrees in science, mathematics, engineering, and foreign languages; and low-interest loans for undergraduates in these areas.
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To ensure adequate human resources in fields important for homeland security, the National Research Council in the report Making the Nation Safer recommended that there be a human-resource development program similar to the NDEA.24 National weapons laboratories have instituted specific programs to recruit and hire critically skilled people to staff nuclearstockpile stewardship programs -- for which US citizenship is a primary consideration -- including graduate and postdoctoral internship programs, programs involving local high schools and universities, and support for current employees to gain additional training (see Table NHS-3)
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Chair, National Defense Industry Association Space Division and Chair, Industry Study on Critical Workforce Issues. Presentation at the National Defense Industry Association meeting, April 2005.
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From page 497... ...
The program has generated considerable interest among students: SMART currently funds 25 students, but DOD vetted over 600 applications.27 Possible actions include: • Create a new NDEA for the 21st century to promote the education and training of students in science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and foreign languages. The new NDEA would include portable graduate fellowships, institutional traineeships, incentives to create professional S&E 27J.
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From page 498... ...
master's programs, undergraduate loan forgiveness, grants to support innovative undergraduate curricula, grants to expand K–12 education outreach, summer training and research opportunities for K–12 teachers, employer S&E and foreign-language educational tax breaks, national-laboratory and federal service professional incentives, and additional funds for program evaluation.28 28National Research Council, 2002; R
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Chair, National Defense Industry Association Space Division and Chair, Industry Study on Critical Workforce Issues. Presentation at the National Defense Industry Association meeting, April 2005.
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