Rising Above the Gathering Storm Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future (2007) / Chapter Skim
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From page 537... ...
7-8, 146, 147, 148 training, 4, 5, 119, 125, 126 centers, 438-439 127, 135, 514-515 collaboration with federal Advanced Placement Incentive Program laboratories, 93-94 (APIP) , 6, 127, 130-131, 514 commercialization of inventions, Advanced research instrumentation and 432, 433, 440-442 facilities (ARIF)
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From page 538... ...
, 394-395 Belgium, 100, 310-311 Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders, 315, Bell, Alexander Graham, 35 316, 344, 345 Bell Laboratories, 32, 83, 84, 157, 333 AT&T, 35 Bingaman, Jeff, 2 Atomic Energy Act, 475 n.1 Biodefense research, 488, 493 Australia Biological sciences, 76, 101, 336, 337, higher education, 100 338, 343, 351 immigration policy, 178, 179, 384 Biomedical research, 33 n.38, 90, 139, 385, 393, 394 144, 199, 333, 334, 399, 411, tax credits for R&D, 195 417, 423, 424 test scores, 132, 308-311 Biotechnology industry, 50, 59, 82, 88, Austria, AP test scores, 132 198, 222, 333, 453 Automotive engineering, 44, 57-58, 60, Boehlert, Sherwood, 2 64, 71, 159, 196, 440 Boeing, 184, 491
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From page 539... ...
, 108, 213, 214 Center for the Study of Teaching, 116 Chemical industry, 14, 86 C Chile, 311 China California Teach program, 4, 117-119 advanced instruments and facilities, Canada 147 broadband access, 462 broadband access, 462 education, 100, 132, 200, 387 degrees in science or engineering, immigration policy, 178, 384-385, 16, 99, 216, 217 391, 393-394, 395 doctoral production, 387, 388 innovation environment, 37, 200 economic growth, 1, 14, 68, 206, spending on R&D, 74 209, 222 tax credits for R&D, 195 energy consumption, 221 US R&D in, 86, 195 foreign investment in, 209, 210, 219 working-age population, 212 graduate education, 76, 78, 79, 217, Cancer, 55, 57, 59 342, 379, 387, 388 Carbon capture and sequestration, 159 highly skilled workers, 24, 32, 73, Careers in science and technology. See 176, 208 also Employment; Highly skilled immigration policy, 391, 395 workers; Human capital incentives for returning students, 82, development; Researchers and 173, 461 scientists innovation environment, 23, 38, 78, academic faculty, 326, 333, 334, 79, 147, 195, 209, 210 336, 353 market share of advanced aspirations of K–12 students, 312, technology, 14, 15, 206-207, 314 209, 210, 219, 220, 462-463 disincentives, 328-333 middle-class consumer market, 14, engineers, 16, 164, 166, 168, 170, 206-207 329, 383 Ningbo Economic & Technical government, 169, 333, 334, 336, Development Zone, 195 351, 353, 481, 494-496, 497, 499
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From page 540... ...
, 58-59 468, 485, 498, 511 Cisco, 207 Controlled technologies, 34-36 Civilian Technology Corporation, 434- deemed export policy, 10, 35, 105, 435 180-181, 388, 391 Class Action Fairness Act of 2005, 185 Cooperative Economic Development Climate Change Science Program, 411 Agreements (CEDAs) , 442 Clinical medicine, 76 Coordinating Council for Mathematics Clinton, Bill, 17 and Science Teaching, 324 Cold War, 38, 66, 90, 156, 351, 424, Corporate R&D.
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From page 541... ...
See also 90, 185, 198, 200, 209, 220, individual countries 434, 448 implementing technology in, 64 Council of Economic Advisers, 12, 203 standard of living, 36 Council on Competitiveness, 108, 109, DeVry Institute of Technology, 143, 177, 187, 193, 213, 424, 450 469 Council on Graduate Schools, 385 Dirac, Paul, 51 CUNY Bernard Baruch College, 469 Disaster mitigation, 63-64 Cyprus, 132, 308-311 Dow, Herbert Henry, 35 Czech Republic Dow Chemical, 35 education, 100, 132, 387 Dubois, Lawrence, 151 immigration policy, 178, 385, 393 Duderstadt, Jim, 162 Duke University, 189 D E Data collection and evaluation graduate education, 346, 351, 354 Early-career awards and funding, 7, on US research and innovation, 444, 136, 143-145, 146, 149, 150, 445, 452-454 161, 326, 423, 426-431, 508DAVINCI, 82 509. See also Presidential Early Deemed-export controls.
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From page 542... ...
See also Careers in 138, 139, 141, 142 science and technology; Human graduate school enrollments, 330, capital development 336, 337, 350, 386 corporate R&D, 83, 84, 193 international graduate students, 83, foreign direct investment in US and, 350, 379, 381, 382, 383, 386 207-208 master's degrees, 349 globalization, 210-212 minority doctoral degrees, 351 graduate education and, 83, 84, salaries of PhDs, 338 103, 104, 164, 166, 168, 170, undergraduate degrees, 16, 101, 171-172, 328, 332-335, 351 164, 166, 343 information technology and, 47-48, US competitiveness, 76, 80, 83 201 Engineering Research Centers (ERCs) , foreign-born workers, 338, 339, 438 381-382, 383-384, 393 Environment new jobs, 14 agricultural mechanization and, 59 offshore movement of jobs, 26-30, air quality, 58 88, 91, 209-212, 466-467, 468 automotive emissions, 57-58 PhDs, 83, 84, 103, 144 carbon capture and sequestration, public concerns, 36 159 returns on R&D investment, 49, 50, chlorofluorocarbons, 58-59 211-212 energy-related issues, 154, 156 tax credits for corporate R&D and, funding for research, 93, 139, 156 194 negative effects of innovations, 42, Energy.
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See also 408, 416, 417, 423, 433, 436, individual agencies 509 academic, 46-47, 148, 168, 364, international comparisons, 16-17, 405, 409, 416, 421-422, 431, 72-73, 74, 137, 205, 208, 215, 439, 443 409-411, 412 advanced research instrumentation K22 awards, 431 and facilities, 7-8, 145-149, 403, nanotechnology, 448 509 national/homeland security R&D, by agency, 402, 403, 406 141, 150, 399, 409, 484, 485, alternative viewpoints, 138, 153, 486, 488 170
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From page 544... ...
, 128 laboratories Genentech, 184 Fermi, Enrico, 35 General Electric Company, 17, 32, Fiber optics, 45, 60 120 n.19 Financial Markets Intermediary Georgia, Republic of, 64, 100 Committee, 461 German Academic International Finland Network (GAIN) , 82 degrees in science or engineering, Germany 99, 100, 165 Academic Exchange Service, 82 economy, 1, 205 economic competitiveness, 68, 206 innovation environment, 23, 37, education, 79, 99, 100, 132, 386, 198 387, 388 spending for R&D, 411 immigration policy, 179 tax policies, 197, 198 per capita income, 73 Ford Foundation, 120 n.19 R&D, 72, 86
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From page 545... ...
, 170, 171-172, 332-333, 351, 103-104, 336, 337, 340 353 Graduate Research Fellowship data collection and evaluation, 346, program, 170, 171 351, 354 Graduate Scholar Awards in Science, disincentives, 330-331 Technology, Engineering, and doctoral production, 16, 72, 78-81, Mathematics (GSA-STEM) , 168 102, 163, 170, 205, 216, 217, Greece, 132 328, 329, 331, 332, 351, 387, 388 Greenspan, Alan, 17 enrollments, 102, 103-104, 163, Grove, Andrew, 35 164, 170, 217, 328, 330, 336 337, 342, 350, 385 H faculty preparation and support, 256 federal funding, 71, 168-172, 346, Hart–Rudman Commission, 25, 66, 142 349-350, 510 Hatch–Waxman law, 190
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From page 546... ...
See also High-risk research, 8, 149-152, 398, Careers in science and 408, 416, 417, 423, 433, 436, technology 509 demand for, 29, 326 High-technology bubble, 29, 164, 198, desirable skills, 30, 88-89 200 foreign-born in US, 16, 216, 339, Higher education in science and 382, 383 engineering. See also Graduate offshore supply, 91, 210 education in science and recruitment, 175-177 technology; International retraining, 40, 212, 399 students and researchers; Public supply of, 29, 88, 213, 220, 326 colleges and universities; tax credits for continuing education, Undergraduate education in 9, 172-173, 457, 467-468, 485, science and mathematics 498, 511 access, 366, 370, 376 US share, 216 alternative viewpoint, 164 visas set aside for, 14 costs per student, 359 wages, 28-29, 88, 210, 218 data collection and evaluation, 346, Highways, 44, 60 351, 354 Hispanic Americans, 95, 131, 312, enrollments by type of institution, 313, 315, 316, 341, 343, 344, 360, 380 345, 351 faculty, 72, 256, 326, 333, 334, Hong Kong.
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From page 547... ...
See also Corporate R&D; OECD countries, 177-179, 378, Multinational corporations; US 384-385, 391, 393-396 businesses points- (skills-) based programs, careers in S&T, 333, 334, 335, 336, 177-179, 378, 384-385, 391, 351, 353 393-394 Industry–University Cooperative reciprocity agreements, 175, 378, Research Centers (I/UCRCs)
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From page 548... ...
Act, employment in US, 338, 339, 381 256 382, 383-384 Innovation Extension Centers, 433 ethnic networks, 384 Innovation tax incentives export controls and, 35, 105, 180 capital gains, 12, 200 181, 388, 474 corporate rates, 12, 197, 200, 220, faculty, 78-79, 379, 381 466 financial impact, 34, 339 international comparisons, 12, 195- graduate students, 83, 102, 104, 196, 197-200, 208 163, 216, 217, 328, 349, 350, Instruments and facilities, advanced, 7- 378, 379-382, 383, 385, 386 8, 141, 145-149, 169, 403, 509. national security concerns, 33-34, See also National laboratories 82-83, 104, 173-175, 325, 338, Integrated circuit, 145 388, 474, 481 Integrative Graduate Education and Nobel laureates, 383 Research Traineeship Program postdoctoral scholars, 377, 379, (IGERT)
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From page 549... ...
549 INDEX Internet, 39, 44, 53, 60, 71, 140, 151 Japan Technology Evaluation Center, access in China, 206 445 broadband access, 12, 15, 201-203, Jordan, 311 461, 462 Invention Secrecy Act of 1951, 475 n.1 K Iran, 99, 308-311 Iraq war, 36, 411, 485 K–12 science and mathematics Ireland curriculum degrees in science or engineering, advanced courses, 5, 98, 102, 119, 99, 100, 199 127, 129-131, 132, 133, 135, economic growth, 1, 38-39, 199 305, 314, 315, 316, 317, 323, innovation environment, 23, 37, 38, 348, 506-507, 513-514 196, 199 content standards, 122 recruiting skilled workers, 82 inquiry-based, 6, 122-123, 126, 133 tax incentives for R&D, 196, 199 integrated, 102, 126 US R&D in, 86 materials, 121 Israel, 86, 99, 100, 311 recommendations, 5, 119, 255 Italy technology component, 129 broadband and cellular penetration, vertically aligned, 115 n.7, 127, 462 128 DAVINCI database, 82 voluntary national, 5, 119, 128-129 economic competitiveness, 206 weaknesses, 15-16, 95, 97-98 education, 99, 100, 132, 311, 387 Web-based resources, 128-129 working-age population, 212 K–12 science and mathematics education academic standards, 5, 122, 304 J 305, 322-323, 347 James Madison University, 469 alternative viewpoint, 134-135 Japan and career aspirations of students, broadband service, 201 312, 314 economic competitiveness, 68, 73, challenges, 305-316 183, 206, 213, 222, 444, 445, core components, 134 459, 463 elementary school, 121-123 education, 76, 79, 99, 100, 308- enrollment in public schools, 321 311, 387, 388 expenditures per student, 134, 321 innovation environment, 23, 183, federal role in catalyzing change, 196 314-315, 323-324 patents and patent system, 186 funding issues, 98 per capita income, 73 gender differences, 131, 312, 314, publication volume and frequency, 315, 316 77 high school, 5-6, 95, 124, 126, 129 R&D, 72, 74, 86, 196, 409, 411, 133, 305, 317, 339 412 institutional structure, 305, 323 tax policies, 196 international comparisons, 15-16, US R&D in, 86, 196 30-31, 95, 132, 303, 306-311, working-age population, 212, 213 322
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See Employment; Highly skilled 319, 321, 346-347 workers; Workforce federal investment, 120 Laboratories. See also Instruments and financial incentives, 5, 114, 125, facilities; National laboratories 126, 127, 304, 321-322, 506- corporate facilities, 92 n.50, 93 507 Laboratory Science Teacher innovative programs for, 117-119 Professional Development job opportunities, 113 n.5 program, 123-124 master teachers, 125, 126, 127, 318 Lam, Davod, 35 master's programs, 5, 6, 119, 124- Lam Research, 35 126, 304, 350, 504-505 Lasers, 45, 50-51, 83, 145 mentoring for, 117, 119, 123-124, Latvia, 132, 308-311 126, 318, 320 Lawrence Livermore National minorities, 117, 118, 304, 321 Laboratory, 92 national certification, 125
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From page 551... ...
in 138, 139, 141 science and technology graduate school enrollments, 330, doctoral degrees, 351 336, 350 graduate school, 102, 328, 349, 351 international students, 350, 382, K–12 education, 95, 131, 312, 313, 383 314, 315, 316, 319 minority doctoral degrees, 351
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From page 552... ...
, National Cooperative Research Act, 199 435 criteria for locating facilities, 3-4 National Coordination Office for incentives for, 208-209 Networking and Information international PhD hiring, 176 Technology Research and foreign direct investment in US, Development (NCO/NITRD) , 207-208 148-149 and globalization, 209-210 National Council of Teachers of overseas R&D, 215, 219, 220, 338 Mathematics, 322 US-based, 194, 205, 215, 218, 219 National Critical Technologies Reports US R&D environment, 183 (NCTR)
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, 86, information, 36, 105, 474, 476- 108, 109, 147, 152, 425 479 National Science Digital Library, 128 spending trends on R&D, 407, 486, National Science Education Standards, 487, 488 128 National Institute of Innovation, 433, National Science Foundation (NSF) , 434-435 26, 72, 146, 147, 148 National Institute of Standards and Advanced Cyberinfrastructure Technology (NIST)
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From page 554... ...
, 150 Policy, 148, 158, 160, 401, 408, spending on R&D, 7, 33, 89, 140, 445, 447, 450, 452 143, 144, 146, 150, 152, 364, Offshore outsourcing 402, 406, 411, 439, 443 cost-effectiveness, 15, 27-28, 209 Task Force on Transformative disclosure of, 457, 471 Research, 425 and domestic wages, 28-29 undergraduate education support, employment effects in US, 26-30, 165 88, 210-212 National Security Decision Directive and investment climate, 37, 456 189 (NSDD-189) , 105, 474, 475- market size, 91 476 protectionist measures, 27-28, 457, National Space Policy (1989)
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From page 555... ...
, 145, 146, 158 US share, 215 Presidential Innovation Award, 8, 158, Pauli, Wolfgang, 51 509 Pell grants, 366, 369, 371, 373, 376 PricewaterhouseCoopers, 86 Pennsylvania, 121 Product liability and tort reform, 16, Perry, William, 140 185, 456, 461 Petroleum and petrochemical Productivity of science and technology technology, 45, 57-58 research Pharmaceuticals, 47, 48, 54, 86, 186, administrative policies and 190-192, 199 procedures, 415, 416, 421-422 Philippines, test scores, 311 age of investigator and, 143-144, Physical sciences. See also K–12 science 149, 426-431 and mathematics education environment and culture of research doctorates awarded, 80, 331, 351 and, 415, 416-418 employment, 335, 383 growth of US economy, 1, 183-184, funding for research, 90, 93, 137, 205, 206, 459, 460 138, 139, 141, 142, 153 information technology and, 47-48, graduate school enrollments, 330, 183, 201, 417, 459 386 management and review of instrumentation innovations, 145 programs, 415, 416, 419-420 international graduate students, tax credits and, 466 379, 382, 383, 386 Program for International Student minority doctoral degrees, 351 Assessment (PISA)
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From page 556... ...
in engineering; Undergraduate science and technology education in science and Radio and television, 44, 60, 71 mathematics RAND Corporation, 450 community colleges, 346, 347-348, Raytheon, 491 360, 371, 374, 442 Reagan administration, 105, 475, 485 competition for state resources, 362, Recombinant-DNA technology, 50 365, 375 Recommendations enrollments, 358, 359, 360, 361 cost tables, 501-511 expenditures by type, 363 economic policy incentives for faculty composition and salaries, innovation, 4, 110-111, 192, 260 370-371, 375 of focus groups, 254-263 financial pressures, 357, 359, 361 higher education, 4, 9-10, 110, 256 366 257 international students, 380 K–12 education, 4-7, 110, 112, 119, quality of education and services, 254-255 357, 358, 362, 370 key challenges, 4 recommended federal actions, 374 national/homeland security, 262 376 research funding, 4, 7-8, 110, 136 research funding, 364 137, 142-143, 145, 157, 258, research institutions, 358 400-401, 408, 411-412, 414 revenue sources, 364, 365 Recycling technologies, 64 state appropriations, 367, 368, 372, Refrigeration technologies, 44, 58-59, 375 60, 61, 64 student aid, 357-358, 366, 369, Research & development. See also 370, 371, 372, 374-376 Academic research; Applied student-faculty ratios, 362, 363, 370 research; Basic research; transfer and articulation Corporate R&D; Federal funding agreements, 371 of R&D; National laboratories; tuition and fees, 368, 374 Researchers and scientists Public health benchmarking, 445-446, 447 competition for education resources, centers of excellence, 433 362, 365, 375 defense- and security-related, 66-67, disease trends, 43 90, 105 n.68, 137, 140-141, 143, globalization and, 221 150, 151-152, 169, 399, 407, practical applications of research, 409, 484, 485-488, 490, 491 51, 53-57 definitions, 69, 105 n.70 spending for aging population, 213, digital cyberinfrastructure, 416, 219-220 417, 442-443 Public–private partnerships, R&D, energy-related, 152-158, 399 106, 116 n.10, 133, 158, 324, environment and culture for, 415, 340, 375, 432, 433-435, 439 416-418 440, 443
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From page 557... ...
See also Science and Mathematics Education Highly skilled workers Task Force, 124 academic positions, 326, 341 Science and technology. See also assistanceships and traineeships, Technological innovation; US 350, 352 competitiveness in science and continuing education, 172-173 technology demand and supply, 29, 164, 168, disillusionment with careers in, 312, 169, 170 314 early-career funding, 7, 136, 143- globalization, 70 145, 146, 149, 150, 161, 326, quantitative policy studies, 414 423, 426-431, 508-509
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From page 558... ...
, 440 publication volume and frequency, Spain, 100, 387 77 Speech recognition, 32 Standards, Productivity, and Sputnik, 16, 39, 67, 73, 106, 151, 169, Innovation Board, 199 303, 456, 494 tax policies, 196 Standard-of-living improvements, 59 US R&D in, 86 65, 67, 205, 209, 221-222 Sloan Foundation, 458 Stevenson–Wydler Technology Slovak Republic, test scores, 310-311 Innovation Act of 1986, 439 Slovenia, test scores, 308-311 STMicroelectronics, 195 Small Business Innovation Research Strayer University, 469 (SBIR) program, 88, 90, 433- Structural design, 63-64 434, 435, 437 Student and Exchange Visitor Small Business Technology Transfer Information System (SEVIS)
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From page 559... ...
See also incentives for returning scholars, Research & development 173 diffusion rate, 71 innovation environment, 23 drivers for, 39, 59, 106, 415, 455 publication volume and frequency, 456 77 by early-career researchers, 143 stay rates of students in US, 382 144, 149, 426-431 test scores, 311 and economic growth, 14, 41 n.2, Taskforce on the Future of American 43, 45-50, 205-206, 208-209, Innovation, 108 414, 455, 458-459 Tax policies and employment, 29, 49, 50 capital gains, 12, 197, 200 environment for, 2-3, 23, 37, 38, corporate rates, 12, 197, 200, 220, 78, 79, 147, 195, 199, 209, 210, 466 300, 415, 416-418 cost-effectiveness, 193, 203 extension centers, 443 cost of recommendations, 511 financial regulations and, 460-461 education tax credits for employees, foreign emulation of US model, 37, 9, 172-173, 457, 467-468, 485, 72, 78, 208 498, 511 global enterprise, 209-210 employment effects, 194 human capital and, 457 equipment tax credits and incentives for, 11-12, 182-185, 197 depreciation reforms, 197, 200, 201 203, 457, 466 intellectual property protection and, international comparisons, 12, 195- 11, 184, 185, 456-457, 463-465 196, 197-200, 208 negative effects, 42, 57, 59 investment of foundation assets in Nobel Prizes, 145, 157, 427 start-ups, 461, 465-466 outsourcing and, 26, 456, 470-471 joint ventures and, 194, 466 patent trends for critical qualifying expenditures, 197 technologies, 52 R&D tax credits, 11-12, 88, 89, presidential-level challenge, 472 184, 185, 192-197, 203, 398, prizes and awards, 8, 158, 160-161, 408, 413, 424, 457, 465-466, 416, 423, 509 511 product liability and tort reform regulations, 194 and, 185, 456, 461 stock option expensing, 461 productivity gains, 47-48, 50-51 tuition tax credits, 341, 366 and quality of life, 45 Teacher Institutes for the 21st Century, regional innovation hot spots, 458, 121 471
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From page 560... ...
560 INDEX U research instrumentation, 145-146 surveys of, 445 Undergraduate education in science tax policy and, 11-12, 457, 465-466 and mathematics trade policy and, 456, 462-463 admission criteria, 102, 322, 347 20th-century engineering community colleges, 346, 347-348 achievements, 39, 41-42, 44-45, degrees awarded, 16, 98, 99-101, 52 198, 216, 217, 329, 343, 345, US environment, 24, 37, 182-185, 346 455-472 distribution of institutions by sector, Technology transfer, 10 n.9, 180-181, 359 392, 479 enrollment trends, 163, 164, 165, Telecommunications, 202, 209, 453, 360 456, 462 incentives, 340-341 Telecommuting, 202 innovative programs, 117-119 Telephones, 60, 63, 71, 207 international comparison, 16, 98, Teller, Edward, 35 99, 163, 165, 198, 216, 217, 342 Terrorism, 25, 33-36, 37, 66, 82, 163, internships, 346, 348 220, 385, 388, 474, 477, 481, introductory/transitional science 483, 485, 491 courses, 102-103, 328, 347-348 Texas, AP Incentive Program, 127, learning environment, 330-331, 339 130-131, 133 low-income students, 167-168, 305, Thailand, 99 323, 326, 328, 376 Third International Mathematics and mentoring, 327, 339-340 Science Study, 306-311 minorities (underrepresented) , 99, Thomson Venture Economics, 86 117, 118, 166-167, 328, 341, Timken, Henry, 35 343, 344, 345, 346, 348 Timken Company, 35 quality of, 371 Trade, 456 recommended federal actions, 256, export controls on technology, 10, 345-346, 348 34-36, 105, 180-181, 388, 391, retention/attrition rates, 16, 98-99, 474, 485 117, 327, 328, 329-330, 336, free trade policy, 28, 36, 212 371 US deficit in high-technology scholarships and loans for US products, 14, 77, 209, 218, 220, citizens, 6, 9, 165-168, 169, 305, 462-463 323, 326, 340-341, 346, 348, Trade Adjustment Assistance program, 485, 509 457, 468 student interest in careers, 98-104 Transistor, 44, 83, 157 for teachers, 5, 115-119, 346-347 Transportation technology component, 375 equipment manufacturing, 86 trends, 343, 345 systems, 60, 62, 63, 156 women, 99, 166, 328, 341, 343, Treasury Borrowing Committee, 461 344, 345, 346, 348 Trends in International Mathematics Undergraduate Scholar Awards in and Science Study, 95, 130-131, Science, Technology, 132 Engineering, and Mathematics Tuberculosis (TB)
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From page 561... ...
, 82, 178, 179, 385, 391, benchmarking of US research fields, 393, 394, 396 409, 444, 445-446, 447 Science and Engineering Graduate comparative economics, 14-15 Scheme, 396 corporate R&D and, 83-89, 93, spending on R&D, 72 194, 440 tax incentives for R&D, 196 critical technologies, 52, 444, 445, test scores, 308-311 446-447 US R&D in, 86, 196 data collection on research and workforce shortages, 396 n.43 innovation, 444, 445, 452-454 working-age population, 212 Dell model, 460 University of California disciplinary strengths, 76 California Teach program, 5, 117- doctoral production, 70, 72, 78, 79 118 81, 83, 84, 205, 216, 217 College Prep program, 127 economic performance, 14-18, 68 University of Maryland Baltimore educational challenges, 94-104 County, 469 environment for discovery and, 182University of Minnesota, 120 n.19 185, 455-472 University of Pennsylvania, 6, 125-126 federal laboratory mission and, 71, University of Tennessee, 120 n.19 92-94 University of Texas at Austin, 117 GDP share of R&D, 84, 85, 91, 205 US businesses. See also Corporate graduate education, 16, 70, 72, 76, R&D 78-83, 102, 216-217, 342, 350, adaptation to technological change, 445 172-173 higher education and training, 16, continuing education for employees, 70, 205, 217, 386-387 172-173, 467, 485, 510 highly skilled workers, 88-89, 178, doctoral employment, 83, 84 205, 216-219 internal control reports, 461 indicators, 14-17 networking by international information technology and, 15, researchers, 176-177 201, 202, 205 offshore outsourcing, 1, 14, 23, 26- international students, 325, 386-387 30, 73, 88 internationally coauthored articles, overseas R&D, 86, 174, 215, 220 75 stock options for employees, 461 K–12 performance, 15-16, 30-31, summer institutes for teachers, 120- 94-98, 303, 306-311, 322 121 location of R&D and, 194 tax policies, 172-173, 197, 200, 220
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From page 562... ...
399 Advanced Research Projects publication volume and frequency, Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) , 8, 70, 72, 74, 75, 77-78, 205, 215 152-158, 509 R&D spending, 16-17, 72-73, 74, basic and applied research, 142, 137, 205, 208, 215, 409-411, 153, 156 412 budget for R&D, 411, 484, 488, 489 ranking globally, 205, 206 CRADAs, 440 research institutions, 70, 72 early-researcher grants, 7, 143, 146 scenarios, 214-222 laboratories, 92, 93, 123-124, 147, software services exports, 76-77 156, 481-482, 493 trade deficit, 14, 77, 209, 218, 220, Office of Science, 89, 123-124, 147, 462-463 153 undergraduate education, 98-102, physical science research, 153 342 research centers, 8, 438 US Department of Agriculture, 89, 146, spending for R&D, 402, 406 402, 406, 475, 489 Task Force on the Future of Science US Department of Commerce, 34, 146, Programs, 156 180, 402, 445, 479, 480, 489 teacher professional development US Department of Defense (DOD)
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From page 563... ...
See also Employment; infringement liability, 11, 186, Highly skilled workers 188-190, 457, 464 aging of population and, 212-214 resource allocation for, 11, 186, international comparisons, 212 187, 456, 465 shortfalls in investments in, 30-33 US population structural changes in, 42 aging of, 212-214, 219-220 World Economic Forum, 205 growth projections, 14, 362
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From page 564... ...
564 INDEX X World Trade Organization, 206, 463 World War II, 1, 14, 32, 35, 37, 39, Xerox PARC, 32, 333, 335 66, 68, 70, 83, 106, 204, 205, 212, 378, 386, 455, 462, 485 World Wide Web, 44, 71 Y WTEC, Inc., 445 Yahoo, 207 Wulf, Wm.
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