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From page 259... ... Index A Age identity and self-concept, 86�87 Age-related decline, beliefs about, 80 AARP. See American Association of Retired Age stigma from the perceiver's perspective, Persons 175�186 Ability to change, without any form of attitudes and stereotypes, 175�180 professional assistance, 37 behavior toward older adults, 180�184 Abortion, 220 emerging themes and directions for Accommodation, 187 future research, 184�186 Action Age stigma from the perspective of older attitudes guiding, 46 adults, 186�197 consequences of, 137 consequences of exposure to ageist likelihood of taking, 134n stereotypes, 190�191 Activity restriction, 26 coping with a negative age identity, 191� Adaptation, 24 196 Addictive behaviors, 42, 153 emerging themes and directions for Adult developmental psychology, recent future research, 196�197 developments in, 12 identity and self-concept, 186�188 Adulthood, 20 implications of self-stereotyping, 189 Advance directives, 34 Ageism, 4 Affect, role in self-regulation, 43 consequences of, 197 Affective disorders, major, 23 coping in the face of, 198 Affective forecasting, 62�63 multiple dynamics of, 198 Affective heuristics, 3 Ageist views, of patients in a medical Affective neural systems, 60�61 setting, 82 Age, protective factor in etiology of mental Aging health disorders, 29 influences on course of, 24 Age differences in self-regulation, 38�39 and prefrontal decline, 151�152 Age discrimination, consequences of, 87 uneasiness about, 9 Age distribution by population, 10�11 259 Read the entire page →
From page 260... ... 260 INDEX Aging and social engagement, 69�72 Behavior. See also Addictive behaviors mental stimulation and cognitive aging, genetic explanations for, 21 71�72 importance of context in maintaining, neurocognitive function and cognition, 41 70�71 key to all aging scenarios, 13 Aging societies, future of, 13 neuroscience studying its relation to the Agreeableness, 22 brain, 37 Alcoholism, 37, 42, 58 prediction of, 210 Alzheimer's disease, 68, 75, 77 Behavior-based research, 3 America Behavior change, sustaining, 134�138 the "aging of," 1 Behavior toward older adults, 180�184 well-being of, 250 interventions, 183�184 American Association of Retired Persons patronizing versus accommodating (AARP) Read the entire page →
From page 261... ... INDEX 261 Change. See also Ability to change; Life considering, 49 change of exposure to ageist stereotypes, 190� external sources of, 36 191 initiating and maintaining, 39�41, 50�51 introduction of new, 49 involving novelty, 41 Context effects, age-sensitive, 219, 228 measurement of over time, 17 Continuum-based framework, 124 need for, 34 Control, over the environment, 44 older people's unique motives for, 35 Coping, 43 readiness to make, 122�139 with distress, 23 Changing implicit and explicit attitudes, 51� in the face of ageism, 198 52 with traumatic events, 28 Choices Coping with a negative age identity, 191� intertemporal, 60 196 made earlier in life, consequences of, 55 primary compensatory strategies, 192� "tyranny" of, 54 194 Cognitive deficits, age-related, 82 secondary compensatory strategies, 194� Cognitive function 196 documented declines in, 88 Cortical "disconnection," 243 engagement as augmenting, 77 Cross-disciplinary research, 37 preserving good, 68 Cross-racial studies, 78 Cognitive impairments, 138 Cross-sectional studies, 12, 24�25 Cognitive neuroscience, 39 Cultural and ethnic factors, role of, 78�79 of aging, 146 Cultural effects, 1, 5, 15, 21 Cognitive science, recent developments in, recommendation regarding, 15 12 Cognitive tests, 73 Cognitive training, 71 D Cognitive value, fostering, 71 Collaboration between theory and practice, Deciding whether to decide, 155�158 enhancing, 138�139 Decision avoidance, 156�157 Decision-making processes Committee on Aging Frontiers in Social Psychology, Personality, and Adult emotion, and older adults' decisions, Developmental Psychology, 2, 13�14, 58 long-range planning and, 59�61 58 charge and approach, 11�13 meta-awareness of one's own, 59 Communication, patronizing forms of, 82 at older ages, 3 Decisions Communication strategies that motivate behavior change, 125�134 attitudes guiding, 46 message framing, 130�134 medical, 155 memories of past, 147 message tailoring, 127�130 Competence stereotypes, 177�178 types most often regretted, 65 forgetfulness, 177�178 "Delay discounting," 154 Deliberative forms of thinking, 48 mental incompetence, 178 Compliance, with medical regimens, 47 Deliberative neural systems, 60�61 Confidence, 161, 164, 188 Deliberative processes, 3, 52 Dementia, 12 Conscientiousness, 23 Consequences defining, 70�71 of actions, 137 delaying the onset of, 79 educational level and, 31 of age discrimination, 87 of ageism, 197 physiology of, 242�243 of choices made earlier in life, 55 Depressed performance, 88 Read the entire page →
From page 262... ... 262 INDEX Depression Emotional well-being, 27�29 and cognitive and neural function, 74 End-of-life care, 65�66 predicting, 189 Engagement Detection behaviors, 131 as augmenting cognitive function or Developmental diathesis-stress model, 21 delaying disease onset, 77 Diets, 21, 35, 129 most effective types of, 77 failing at, 42 Environments nutritious, 13 control over, 44 Differences in people's readiness to change, exposure to different types of, 23 122�139 mastery of, 28 Disambiguation, of stereotypes, 183, 186 natural, change in, 37 Discrimination stable cues in, 41 age, consequences of, 87 Escapist strategies, 42 stress from being the target of, 87 Ethnicity issues, 1, 5, 15, 21 Disease onset, engagement as delaying, 77 recommendation regarding, 15 Disidentification, 194�195 Exercising regularly, 13, 21, 35, 73�74, 121 Disinhibition, 42 Expectations Dissatisfaction, post-change, 51 acquired, 23 Distress of aging, 81 coping, 23 becoming self-fulfilling prophecies, 181 emotional, 52 studying, 51 Diversity, developing a psychology of, 4�5, Experience 15�16 increasing complexity of, 214 Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, 149�151 learning from, 63 Driving ability, 58 openness to, 22 link to independence, 59 Experience sampling, 212�214 Drug cards, increasingly complicated, 55 Explicit stereotypes, 81�83 Drug regimens. See Medical regimens Extraversion, 23 E F Economy, of an aging workforce, 11 Family Educational level, and dementia, 31 receiving care from, 32 Elderspeak, 182�183 relationships of self to, 61 Eliot, Andrew, 129 Fascism, 235 Emotion Fear, and risk aversion, 152 attention to, 57 "Feared" selves, 188 in the decision process, 58 Feature-based strategies, 159�160 effectiveness of regulation of, 146 Five-factor model of traits, 22 intraindividual variability in the Flexibility. Read the entire page →
From page 263... ... INDEX 263 Future feelings, ability to predict, 62 Illness, recovery from, 23 Future research needed, 13�15 Implicit Association Test (IAT) , 52, 84, 179, emerging themes and directions for, 211 184�186, 196�197 Implicit attitudes and stereotypes, 179�180 activation of, 83�85 gender differences in, 180 G Implicit constructs and processes, 83 Impression management, 193 Gage, Phineas, 149, 151 Impulsivity, 154 Gain-framed appeals, 130�131, 133 Incidental encoding, 244�245 Gambling games, 153�154 Incontinence, 193 studies using, 150 Individual adjustments, 24 Gender, race, and socioeconomic status, 31� Individual beliefs and attitudes, 43�44 33 Individual differences, 23 Gender differences, 5, 15, 21, 180 role of, 78 recommendation regarding, 15 Individuals, 56�58 Genetic explanations, for behavior, 21 Inertia, overcoming, 35 Gerontology, 12, 198 Information about health Glucocorticoid dysregulation, 74 more effective presentation of, 36, 126 Grants reduced seeking of, 158�159 R24 infrastructure, 17 Initiation and maintenance of change, 39� for transdisciplinary centers, 17, 248 41, 50�51, 121�144 Great Depression, "birth dearth" during, 9 Interactional perspective, on personality, 23 Growth, personal, 24, 28 Interdisciplinary research, 5�6, 14, 16, 198, 248 Intergenerational interactions, 181 H dynamics of, 184 Handbook of Questionnaire Design, The, Internalized stereotypes, effects of, 88�89 233 Intertemporal choice, normative models of, Health, subjective perceptions of, 38 60 Health interventions, costly and degrading, Interventions, 183�184. Read the entire page →
From page 264... ... 264 INDEX L Mental health issues, 20, 29 Mental incompetence, 178 Late-life outcomes, 1 Mental stimulation, and cognitive aging, Learning from experience, 63 71�72 Leisure activities, mentally engaging, 68�69 Mental vitality, ability to maintain, 68 Life change, successful, 44 Message framing, 130�134 Life experiences, accumulating, 24, 33 Message tailoring, 40, 48�49, 126�130 Life-prolonging medical care, 32 defined, 127n Life-span approach, 12, 14, 19�21, 24, 63 Meta-awareness, 58�59 Likert, Rensis, 235 Methodology, issues of, 17 Long-term care institutions, 73 Mischel, Walter, 60 Long-term relationships, loss of, 26�27 Models, of behavior change, 128 Longer life expectancies, impact on Mortality, 121 societies, 1 predictors of, 38 Loss-framed appeals, 130�131, 133 Motivation, and health, 44 Motivation and behavioral change, 2�3, 34� 53 M developing methods for, 139 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) , 240, persuasion and attitude change, 45�52 244 recommendation regarding, 14 Motivation and self-regulation, 36�45 Magnetoencephalogram (MEG) Read the entire page →
From page 265... ... INDEX 265 National Institute on Drug Abuse, 248 reported distance between actual and National Research Council, 2 ideal selves, 24 National Science Foundation, 249 self-satisfaction among, 43 Natural environments, change in, 37 societies top-heavy with, 9 Negative affect, 152 solving interpersonal problems, 29 Negative emotional experiences, 128, 147, spending more time alone, 25 160 Older adults' decisions, prefrontal cortex Negative pictures, memory for, 148 and, 149�164 Negative stereotypes, 176 Optimism-pessimism, dimension of, 23 Neural plasticity, role in social tasks, 216 Optimizing questionnaire design, 233�237 Neural substrates of decision making, 149� nondifferentiation, 236 151 number of scale points, 234 Neural systems, types of, 60 order effects, 237 Neurocognitive function and cognition, 70� scale point labeling, 234�236 71 Orbitofrontal cortex, 149�150 Neurogenesis, 73 Order effects, 237 Neuroimaging, 152, 243 Overconfidence, 161 Neuron loss, 151 Neuroscience cognitive, 39 P methods of, 58 Paradox of Choice, The, 54 recent gains in, 37, 39 Neuroticism, 23 Park, Denise C., 254 New consequences, introduction of, 49 Passivity, 40 Patronizing forms of communication, 82 NIA. See National Institute on Aging NIH. Read the entire page →
From page 266... ... See also Social networks Prejudice positive, 28 negotiating, 197 of self to the family, 61 reducing, 183 Repeated decisions, 161�162 Prevention behaviors, 131 Report structure, 18 Primacy effects, 222�223 Research infrastructure, 5�6, 247�250 Primary compensatory strategies, 192�194 developing, 6 self-presentation theory, 192�193 supporting, 16�17 socioemotional selectivity theory, 193� Research topics, 3�4 194 motivation and behavioral change, 3 Priming measure, 52, 84, 211 opportunities lost: stereotypes of self and Problem-solving, 156�157 by others, 4 social, 57 social engagement and cognition, 4 Procrastination, 34�35 socioemotional influences on decision Professional assistance, ability to change making, 3�4 without any form of, 37 Resilience, 24 Prospect theory, framing postulate of, 130 Response alternatives, 226�227 Psychological applications of neuroimaging, Response order effects, increasing with age, 241 221�225 Psychological disengagement, 194 Retirement "decisions," 21 Psychological processes, 5 Retirement Research Foundation, 249 Psychological transformation of events, 63 Retirement savings, 55�56 Psychology Review process, innovative use of, 6 of diversity, developing, 4�5, 15�16 Reward anticipation, 215 role in understanding motivation for Risk aversion, 63�64, 66, 152 change, 35 Risk tolerance, 152 Psychology and Aging, 231, 234 Risky decisions, 152�155. See also HighPsychopathologies, 23 risk situations age not increasing risk of, 29 Russell Sage Foundation, 249 Psychotherapy, efficacy of, 41 Purpose in life, 28 Read the entire page →
From page 267... ... INDEX 267 S Shifting standards framework, 86 Smoking, 13, 42, 127 Satisfaction, 136�137. See also Social class effects, 15 Dissatisfaction; Self-satisfaction Social cognition, 29�31, 214 marital, 26 Social cognitive approach, 85 studying, 51 Social cognitive theory, 135 Scale points Social comparison, 195�196 labeling, 234�236 Social concepts, 21 number of, 234 "Social convoys," 25 Scams, susceptibility to, 162�164 Social downgrading, 195 Schwartz, Barry, 54 Social engagement, 72�76 Screening behaviors, 132 technology training as engagement, 75� Secondary compensatory strategies, 194� 76 196 underlying mechanisms, 73�75 disidentification, 194�195 Social facilitation, and barriers to change, psychological disengagement, 194 44�45 social comparison, 195�196 Social identity, maintaining a positive, 194 Seeking information, 158�161 Social networks, 1 reduced, 158�159 composition of, 25 Selection, 20 over time, 25 Self, views of, 24 size of, 27 Self-acceptance, 28 strong and lasting, 13 Self-concept, 198 Social neurosciences, 214�216 changing with age, 24 recent developments in, 12 Self-confidence, 145�146 transforming our understanding of Self-control, maintaining, 66�67 behavior, 14 Self-efficacy, 128 Social pressure, 162 beliefs about, 44 Social problem solving, 57 Self-esteem Social psychology, 32, 81, 83, 86�87, 89 not changing with age, 24 recent developments in, 12 predicting, 189 Social relations, 20, 25�27 Self-fulfilling prophecies, expectations Social Security system, 56 becoming, 181 proposed changes in, 55 Self-knowledge, 20 Social support, 44�45 Self-persuasion, 128 Social tasks, role of neural plasticity in, 216 Self-presentation theory, 192�193 Sociocultural perspective, 83 Self-questioning, 47 Socioeconomic status, 21, 31 Self-regulation, 35 recommendation regarding, 15 and aging, 39, 50 Socioemotional selectivity theory (SST) Read the entire page →
From page 268... ... 268 INDEX age identity and self-concept, 86�87 Training designs, 72 competence, 177�178 Transactional perspective, on personality, disambiguation of, 183, 186 23 effects of internalized, 88�89 Transdisciplinary centers, grants for, 17, explicit, 81�83 248 impact on self and others, 2, 4, 16, 30, Transformation of events psychologically, 80�91 63 implicit or unconscious, 179�180 Traumatic events, coping with, 28 interventions to change ageist attitudes, Treatment, ability to change without any 89�90 formal, 37 multiple categories of identity, 85�86 "Tyranny of choice," 54 negative, 81�83 positive, 82, 184�185 recommendation regarding, 14 U Stigma-related stress, 191 Unconscious attitudes and stereotypes, 179� Stimulation, most effective types and combinations of, 79 180 Strains of later life, 26 gender differences in, 180 Underconfidence, 161 Stress from being the target of discrimination, Underlying mechanisms of behavior, 73�75 87 investigating, 3 Understanding. See Meta-awareness and cognitive and neural function, 74 stigma-related, 191 University of California-San Diego, 249 Stressful life events, 21, 23 "Use it or lose it" argument, 74 Subjective perceptions of health, 38 Subjective theories, 225�226 V Subjective well-being, 23 Sustaining behavior change, 134�138 Vacations, retrieving memories about, 61 Validity checking, 47 T W Tailoring. Read the entire page →

From page 259...

... Index A Age identity and self-concept, 86�87 Age-related decline, beliefs about, 80 AARP. See American Association of Retired Age stigma from the perceiver's perspective, Persons 175�186 Ability to change, without any form of attitudes and stereotypes, 175�180 professional assistance, 37 behavior toward older adults, 180�184 Abortion, 220 emerging themes and directions for Accommodation, 187 future research, 184�186 Action Age stigma from the perspective of older attitudes guiding, 46 adults, 186�197 consequences of, 137 consequences of exposure to ageist likelihood of taking, 134n stereotypes, 190�191 Activity restriction, 26 coping with a negative age identity, 191� Adaptation, 24 196 Addictive behaviors, 42, 153 emerging themes and directions for Adult developmental psychology, recent future research, 196�197 developments in, 12 identity and self-concept, 186�188 Adulthood, 20 implications of self-stereotyping, 189 Advance directives, 34 Ageism, 4 Affect, role in self-regulation, 43 consequences of, 197 Affective disorders, major, 23 coping in the face of, 198 Affective forecasting, 62�63 multiple dynamics of, 198 Affective heuristics, 3 Ageist views, of patients in a medical Affective neural systems, 60�61 setting, 82 Age, protective factor in etiology of mental Aging health disorders, 29 influences on course of, 24 Age differences in self-regulation, 38�39 and prefrontal decline, 151�152 Age discrimination, consequences of, 87 uneasiness about, 9 Age distribution by population, 10�11 259

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From page 260...

... 260 INDEX Aging and social engagement, 69�72 Behavior. See also Addictive behaviors mental stimulation and cognitive aging, genetic explanations for, 21 71�72 importance of context in maintaining, neurocognitive function and cognition, 41 70�71 key to all aging scenarios, 13 Aging societies, future of, 13 neuroscience studying its relation to the Agreeableness, 22 brain, 37 Alcoholism, 37, 42, 58 prediction of, 210 Alzheimer's disease, 68, 75, 77 Behavior-based research, 3 America Behavior change, sustaining, 134�138 the "aging of," 1 Behavior toward older adults, 180�184 well-being of, 250 interventions, 183�184 American Association of Retired Persons patronizing versus accommodating (AARP)

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From page 261...

... INDEX 261 Change. See also Ability to change; Life considering, 49 change of exposure to ageist stereotypes, 190� external sources of, 36 191 initiating and maintaining, 39�41, 50�51 introduction of new, 49 involving novelty, 41 Context effects, age-sensitive, 219, 228 measurement of over time, 17 Continuum-based framework, 124 need for, 34 Control, over the environment, 44 older people's unique motives for, 35 Coping, 43 readiness to make, 122�139 with distress, 23 Changing implicit and explicit attitudes, 51� in the face of ageism, 198 52 with traumatic events, 28 Choices Coping with a negative age identity, 191� intertemporal, 60 196 made earlier in life, consequences of, 55 primary compensatory strategies, 192� "tyranny" of, 54 194 Cognitive deficits, age-related, 82 secondary compensatory strategies, 194� Cognitive function 196 documented declines in, 88 Cortical "disconnection," 243 engagement as augmenting, 77 Cross-disciplinary research, 37 preserving good, 68 Cross-racial studies, 78 Cognitive impairments, 138 Cross-sectional studies, 12, 24�25 Cognitive neuroscience, 39 Cultural and ethnic factors, role of, 78�79 of aging, 146 Cultural effects, 1, 5, 15, 21 Cognitive science, recent developments in, recommendation regarding, 15 12 Cognitive tests, 73 Cognitive training, 71 D Cognitive value, fostering, 71 Collaboration between theory and practice, Deciding whether to decide, 155�158 enhancing, 138�139 Decision avoidance, 156�157 Decision-making processes Committee on Aging Frontiers in Social Psychology, Personality, and Adult emotion, and older adults' decisions, Developmental Psychology, 2, 13�14, 58 long-range planning and, 59�61 58 charge and approach, 11�13 meta-awareness of one's own, 59 Communication, patronizing forms of, 82 at older ages, 3 Decisions Communication strategies that motivate behavior change, 125�134 attitudes guiding, 46 message framing, 130�134 medical, 155 memories of past, 147 message tailoring, 127�130 Competence stereotypes, 177�178 types most often regretted, 65 forgetfulness, 177�178 "Delay discounting," 154 Deliberative forms of thinking, 48 mental incompetence, 178 Compliance, with medical regimens, 47 Deliberative neural systems, 60�61 Confidence, 161, 164, 188 Deliberative processes, 3, 52 Dementia, 12 Conscientiousness, 23 Consequences defining, 70�71 of actions, 137 delaying the onset of, 79 educational level and, 31 of age discrimination, 87 of ageism, 197 physiology of, 242�243 of choices made earlier in life, 55 Depressed performance, 88

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From page 262...

... 262 INDEX Depression Emotional well-being, 27�29 and cognitive and neural function, 74 End-of-life care, 65�66 predicting, 189 Engagement Detection behaviors, 131 as augmenting cognitive function or Developmental diathesis-stress model, 21 delaying disease onset, 77 Diets, 21, 35, 129 most effective types of, 77 failing at, 42 Environments nutritious, 13 control over, 44 Differences in people's readiness to change, exposure to different types of, 23 122�139 mastery of, 28 Disambiguation, of stereotypes, 183, 186 natural, change in, 37 Discrimination stable cues in, 41 age, consequences of, 87 Escapist strategies, 42 stress from being the target of, 87 Ethnicity issues, 1, 5, 15, 21 Disease onset, engagement as delaying, 77 recommendation regarding, 15 Disidentification, 194�195 Exercising regularly, 13, 21, 35, 73�74, 121 Disinhibition, 42 Expectations Dissatisfaction, post-change, 51 acquired, 23 Distress of aging, 81 coping, 23 becoming self-fulfilling prophecies, 181 emotional, 52 studying, 51 Diversity, developing a psychology of, 4�5, Experience 15�16 increasing complexity of, 214 Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, 149�151 learning from, 63 Driving ability, 58 openness to, 22 link to independence, 59 Experience sampling, 212�214 Drug cards, increasingly complicated, 55 Explicit stereotypes, 81�83 Drug regimens. See Medical regimens Extraversion, 23 E F Economy, of an aging workforce, 11 Family Educational level, and dementia, 31 receiving care from, 32 Elderspeak, 182�183 relationships of self to, 61 Eliot, Andrew, 129 Fascism, 235 Emotion Fear, and risk aversion, 152 attention to, 57 "Feared" selves, 188 in the decision process, 58 Feature-based strategies, 159�160 effectiveness of regulation of, 146 Five-factor model of traits, 22 intraindividual variability in the Flexibility.

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From page 263...

... INDEX 263 Future feelings, ability to predict, 62 Illness, recovery from, 23 Future research needed, 13�15 Implicit Association Test (IAT) , 52, 84, 179, emerging themes and directions for, 211 184�186, 196�197 Implicit attitudes and stereotypes, 179�180 activation of, 83�85 gender differences in, 180 G Implicit constructs and processes, 83 Impression management, 193 Gage, Phineas, 149, 151 Impulsivity, 154 Gain-framed appeals, 130�131, 133 Incidental encoding, 244�245 Gambling games, 153�154 Incontinence, 193 studies using, 150 Individual adjustments, 24 Gender, race, and socioeconomic status, 31� Individual beliefs and attitudes, 43�44 33 Individual differences, 23 Gender differences, 5, 15, 21, 180 role of, 78 recommendation regarding, 15 Individuals, 56�58 Genetic explanations, for behavior, 21 Inertia, overcoming, 35 Gerontology, 12, 198 Information about health Glucocorticoid dysregulation, 74 more effective presentation of, 36, 126 Grants reduced seeking of, 158�159 R24 infrastructure, 17 Initiation and maintenance of change, 39� for transdisciplinary centers, 17, 248 41, 50�51, 121�144 Great Depression, "birth dearth" during, 9 Interactional perspective, on personality, 23 Growth, personal, 24, 28 Interdisciplinary research, 5�6, 14, 16, 198, 248 Intergenerational interactions, 181 H dynamics of, 184 Handbook of Questionnaire Design, The, Internalized stereotypes, effects of, 88�89 233 Intertemporal choice, normative models of, Health, subjective perceptions of, 38 60 Health interventions, costly and degrading, Interventions, 183�184.

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From page 264...

... 264 INDEX L Mental health issues, 20, 29 Mental incompetence, 178 Late-life outcomes, 1 Mental stimulation, and cognitive aging, Learning from experience, 63 71�72 Leisure activities, mentally engaging, 68�69 Mental vitality, ability to maintain, 68 Life change, successful, 44 Message framing, 130�134 Life experiences, accumulating, 24, 33 Message tailoring, 40, 48�49, 126�130 Life-prolonging medical care, 32 defined, 127n Life-span approach, 12, 14, 19�21, 24, 63 Meta-awareness, 58�59 Likert, Rensis, 235 Methodology, issues of, 17 Long-term care institutions, 73 Mischel, Walter, 60 Long-term relationships, loss of, 26�27 Models, of behavior change, 128 Longer life expectancies, impact on Mortality, 121 societies, 1 predictors of, 38 Loss-framed appeals, 130�131, 133 Motivation, and health, 44 Motivation and behavioral change, 2�3, 34� 53 M developing methods for, 139 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) , 240, persuasion and attitude change, 45�52 244 recommendation regarding, 14 Motivation and self-regulation, 36�45 Magnetoencephalogram (MEG)

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From page 265...

... INDEX 265 National Institute on Drug Abuse, 248 reported distance between actual and National Research Council, 2 ideal selves, 24 National Science Foundation, 249 self-satisfaction among, 43 Natural environments, change in, 37 societies top-heavy with, 9 Negative affect, 152 solving interpersonal problems, 29 Negative emotional experiences, 128, 147, spending more time alone, 25 160 Older adults' decisions, prefrontal cortex Negative pictures, memory for, 148 and, 149�164 Negative stereotypes, 176 Optimism-pessimism, dimension of, 23 Neural plasticity, role in social tasks, 216 Optimizing questionnaire design, 233�237 Neural substrates of decision making, 149� nondifferentiation, 236 151 number of scale points, 234 Neural systems, types of, 60 order effects, 237 Neurocognitive function and cognition, 70� scale point labeling, 234�236 71 Orbitofrontal cortex, 149�150 Neurogenesis, 73 Order effects, 237 Neuroimaging, 152, 243 Overconfidence, 161 Neuron loss, 151 Neuroscience cognitive, 39 P methods of, 58 Paradox of Choice, The, 54 recent gains in, 37, 39 Neuroticism, 23 Park, Denise C., 254 New consequences, introduction of, 49 Passivity, 40 Patronizing forms of communication, 82 NIA. See National Institute on Aging NIH.

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From page 266...

... See also Social networks Prejudice positive, 28 negotiating, 197 of self to the family, 61 reducing, 183 Repeated decisions, 161�162 Prevention behaviors, 131 Report structure, 18 Primacy effects, 222�223 Research infrastructure, 5�6, 247�250 Primary compensatory strategies, 192�194 developing, 6 self-presentation theory, 192�193 supporting, 16�17 socioemotional selectivity theory, 193� Research topics, 3�4 194 motivation and behavioral change, 3 Priming measure, 52, 84, 211 opportunities lost: stereotypes of self and Problem-solving, 156�157 by others, 4 social, 57 social engagement and cognition, 4 Procrastination, 34�35 socioemotional influences on decision Professional assistance, ability to change making, 3�4 without any form of, 37 Resilience, 24 Prospect theory, framing postulate of, 130 Response alternatives, 226�227 Psychological applications of neuroimaging, Response order effects, increasing with age, 241 221�225 Psychological disengagement, 194 Retirement "decisions," 21 Psychological processes, 5 Retirement Research Foundation, 249 Psychological transformation of events, 63 Retirement savings, 55�56 Psychology Review process, innovative use of, 6 of diversity, developing, 4�5, 15�16 Reward anticipation, 215 role in understanding motivation for Risk aversion, 63�64, 66, 152 change, 35 Risk tolerance, 152 Psychology and Aging, 231, 234 Risky decisions, 152�155. See also HighPsychopathologies, 23 risk situations age not increasing risk of, 29 Russell Sage Foundation, 249 Psychotherapy, efficacy of, 41 Purpose in life, 28

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From page 267...

... INDEX 267 S Shifting standards framework, 86 Smoking, 13, 42, 127 Satisfaction, 136�137. See also Social class effects, 15 Dissatisfaction; Self-satisfaction Social cognition, 29�31, 214 marital, 26 Social cognitive approach, 85 studying, 51 Social cognitive theory, 135 Scale points Social comparison, 195�196 labeling, 234�236 Social concepts, 21 number of, 234 "Social convoys," 25 Scams, susceptibility to, 162�164 Social downgrading, 195 Schwartz, Barry, 54 Social engagement, 72�76 Screening behaviors, 132 technology training as engagement, 75� Secondary compensatory strategies, 194� 76 196 underlying mechanisms, 73�75 disidentification, 194�195 Social facilitation, and barriers to change, psychological disengagement, 194 44�45 social comparison, 195�196 Social identity, maintaining a positive, 194 Seeking information, 158�161 Social networks, 1 reduced, 158�159 composition of, 25 Selection, 20 over time, 25 Self, views of, 24 size of, 27 Self-acceptance, 28 strong and lasting, 13 Self-concept, 198 Social neurosciences, 214�216 changing with age, 24 recent developments in, 12 Self-confidence, 145�146 transforming our understanding of Self-control, maintaining, 66�67 behavior, 14 Self-efficacy, 128 Social pressure, 162 beliefs about, 44 Social problem solving, 57 Self-esteem Social psychology, 32, 81, 83, 86�87, 89 not changing with age, 24 recent developments in, 12 predicting, 189 Social relations, 20, 25�27 Self-fulfilling prophecies, expectations Social Security system, 56 becoming, 181 proposed changes in, 55 Self-knowledge, 20 Social support, 44�45 Self-persuasion, 128 Social tasks, role of neural plasticity in, 216 Self-presentation theory, 192�193 Sociocultural perspective, 83 Self-questioning, 47 Socioeconomic status, 21, 31 Self-regulation, 35 recommendation regarding, 15 and aging, 39, 50 Socioemotional selectivity theory (SST)

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From page 268...

... 268 INDEX age identity and self-concept, 86�87 Training designs, 72 competence, 177�178 Transactional perspective, on personality, disambiguation of, 183, 186 23 effects of internalized, 88�89 Transdisciplinary centers, grants for, 17, explicit, 81�83 248 impact on self and others, 2, 4, 16, 30, Transformation of events psychologically, 80�91 63 implicit or unconscious, 179�180 Traumatic events, coping with, 28 interventions to change ageist attitudes, Treatment, ability to change without any 89�90 formal, 37 multiple categories of identity, 85�86 "Tyranny of choice," 54 negative, 81�83 positive, 82, 184�185 recommendation regarding, 14 U Stigma-related stress, 191 Unconscious attitudes and stereotypes, 179� Stimulation, most effective types and combinations of, 79 180 Strains of later life, 26 gender differences in, 180 Underconfidence, 161 Stress from being the target of discrimination, Underlying mechanisms of behavior, 73�75 87 investigating, 3 Understanding. See Meta-awareness and cognitive and neural function, 74 stigma-related, 191 University of California-San Diego, 249 Stressful life events, 21, 23 "Use it or lose it" argument, 74 Subjective perceptions of health, 38 Subjective theories, 225�226 V Subjective well-being, 23 Sustaining behavior change, 134�138 Vacations, retrieving memories about, 61 Validity checking, 47 T W Tailoring.

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Index Pages 259-268

Index
Pages 259-268