Food Marketing to Children and Youth Threat or Opportunity? (2006) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Appendix F Chapter 5 Appendix
Appendix F Chapter 5 Appendix
Pages 436-467
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 436... ...
For studies in which television viewing was measured and interpreted as an indicator of exposure to televised advertising, add TV after the link number.
|
From page 437... ...
: Nonexperimental study at a single point in time. Cause Variable Briefly describe the marketing variable considered the causal (initiating,
|
From page 438... ...
To describe it, use short, simple terms such as "vending machines in school," "exposure to food ads," and "television viewing." If there are multiple cause variables, all for the same link number, describe them all. Do not create separate lines for each variable.
|
From page 439... ...
As examples, measurement techniques could be "self-report questionnaire," "parent interview," "observations at school cafeteria," "total sales," or "body mass index (BMI) calculated from weight and height measured by health professional." Effect Variable Category Based on a description of the effect variable and how it was measured, determine which of the following possible categories best describes it.
|
From page 440... ...
In the "Other Comments" column, include a brief description of the rationale for your rating choice. In general, the quality of the measure of the independent/cause variable is more important than the quality of the measure of the dependent/effect variable in determining this rating.
|
From page 441... ...
. Reliability Reliability assesses the extent to which the same measurement technique, applied repeatedly, is likely to yield the same results when it is believed that the variable measured has not changed.
|
From page 442... ...
Experimental Studies 1. Treatment Bias The essential feature of an experimental study that allows causal inference is that assignment of treatment be independent of any potential confounder, that is, any property that might also have an influence on the outcome.
|
From page 443... ...
Studies with serious treatment bias should be given L, Low Causality Evidence. Observational Studies In an observational study, an association between a putative cause X and an effect Y might be due to any combination of (1)
|
From page 444... ...
In the "Other Comments" column, include a brief description of the rationale for your rating choice. Ecological validity refers to the extent to which an investigation's research setting, stimuli, and response demands are similar to those of the naturally occurring settings, stimuli, and responses characteristic of the behavioral system being studied.
|
From page 445... ...
Lead Reviewer Enter the last name of the person designated as lead reviewer. Other Comments: Lead Reviewer The lead reviewer adds any comments about unusual results or features of the research, questions he or she had in reviewing the research or filling in the Evidence Table, opinions about the overall quality of the work, arguments for why the apparently positive causal relationship should be discounted, and other information that seems pertinent.
|
From page 446... ...
446 FOOD MARKETING TO CHILDREN AND YOUTH Other Comments: Second Reviewer The second reviewer adds any comments about unusual results or features of the research, questions he or she had in reviewing the research or filling in the Evidence Table, opinions about the overall quality of the work, arguments for why the apparently positive causal relationship should be discounted, and other information that seems pertinent. Also be sure to include the rationales for the Measure Quality, Causality Evidence, and Ecological Validity ratings.
|
From page 447... ...
F-2 Summary Evidence Table Relationship Precursors Relationship between marketing and precursors to diet Diet Relationship between marketing and diet Health Relationship between marketing and diet-related health (TV) Exposure to advertising on television measured by television viewing Significance Y Study reported one or more statistically significant relationships between marketing and an outcome variable at p less than or equal to 0.05 N Study reported no statistically significant relationship between marketing and an outcome variable Research Method CS Cross-sectional Exp Randomized trial Exp-N Natural experiment L-Pnl Longitudinal -- Panel L-Trnd Longitudinal -- Trend Cause Variable The general category that the independent variable Category was measuring, e.g., "TV ads -- Experiment," "TV ads -- Viewing only," and "Multimedia campaign" Effect Variable The general category that the dependent variable was Category measuring, e.g., "Preferences," "Short-term consumption," and "Adiposity" Sample Age IT Infants and toddlers under 2 years of age YC Younger children ages 25 years OC Older children ages 611 years T Teens ages 1218 years Measure Quality/ H High Causality Evidence/ M Medium Ecological Validity L Low 447
|
From page 448... ...
448 FOOD MARKETING TO CHILDREN AND YOUTH Reference Research Author(s) Year Relationship Significance Method Andersen et al.
|
From page 449... ...
449 APPENDIX F Sample Cause Variable Effect Variable Measure Causality Ecological Category Category Size Age Quality Evidence Validity TV ads -- Adiposity 4,063 OCT L L H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 570 YCT M M H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 570 T L L H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 588 OC L L H Viewing + other media Product Short-term 105 OC H H M placement consumption in film Radio ads Preferences 180 T L M L Multimedia Preferences 2,276 T L L H campaign TV ads -- Preferences 172 YCOC L M L Experiment TV ads -- Adiposity 10,769 OCT L M H Viewing + other media TV ads -- Adiposity 10,896 OCT L L H Viewing + other media TV ads -- Adiposity 41 OC L L H Viewing only TV ads -- Usual Diet 262 YCOC M M H Viewing only TV ads -- Requests 128 YC L L M Viewing only TV ads -- Usual Diet 128 YC L L M Viewing only TV ads -- Preferences 39 YC H H M Experiment TV ads -- Usual Diet 548 OC L M H Viewing only TV ads -- Requests 57 YC M H M Experiment TV ads -- Adiposity 1,430 OC L M H Viewing only TV ads -- Short-term 37 YCOC H H M Experiment consumption TV ads -- Usual diet 887 T M L H Viewing only TV ads -- Preferences 90 OC M H M Experiment and other TV ads -- Preferences 105 OC L L H Viewing only continues
|
From page 450... ...
450 FOOD MARKETING TO CHILDREN AND YOUTH Reference Research Author(s) Year Relationship Significance Method Clarke 1984 Precursors N Exp Coon et al.
|
From page 451... ...
451 APPENDIX F Sample Cause Variable Effect Variable Measure Causality Ecological Category Category Size Age Quality Evidence Validity TV ads -- Preferences 80 YC M M M Experiment TV ads -- Usual Diet 91 OC M L H Viewing only TV ads -- Usual Diet 4,069 OCT L L H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 4,069 OCT L L H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 54 OC L L H Viewing + other media TV ads -- Preferences 80 OC M H L Experiment TV ads -- Adiposity 86 OC L L H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 2,761 YC M L M Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 1,182 YC M L M Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 13,636 OCT M L M Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 2,153 OCT M M M Viewing only TV ads -- Requests 254 OC L L H Viewing only TV ads -- Usual diet 254 OC L L H Viewing only TV ads -- Requests 162 YC L L M Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 2,791 OCT L L H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 110 YC M L H Observed in natural setting TV ads -- Adiposity 138 YCOC M L H Observed in natural setting TV ads -- Adiposity 3,214 OC M L M Viewing + other media TV ads -- Adiposity 15,143 T L L H Viewing only TV ads -- Beliefs and 162 YCOCT M M L Experiment preferences TV ads -- Adiposity 85 OC L L L Viewing + other media continues
|
From page 452... ...
452 FOOD MARKETING TO CHILDREN AND YOUTH Reference Research Author(s) Year Relationship Significance Method Francis et al.
|
From page 453... ...
453 APPENDIX F Sample Cause Variable Effect Variable Measure Causality Ecological Category Category Size Age Quality Evidence Validity TV ads -- Usual diet 173 YCOC M M H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 173 YCOC M M H Viewing only Price and Usual diet 55 T H H H promotion TV ads -- Usual diet 4,344 T L L H Viewing only TV ads -- Short-term 65 YC H H L Experiment consumption TV ads -- Requests 41 YC H L M Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 319 OC M L H Viewing only TV ads -- Usual diet 475 OC M M H Viewing only TV ads -- Preferences 81 YCOC M M M Experiment TV ads -- Adiposity 12,759 OCT M M H Viewing + other media TV ads -- Preferences 70 OC M M M Experiment TV ads -- Beliefs and 70 OC M M M Experiment preferences TV ads -- Short-perm 151 OC H H M Experiment consumption TV ads -- Beliefs and 151 OC H H M Experiment preferences TV ads -- Short-term 288 OC H H H Experiment consumption TV ads -- Adiposity 746 OCT M M H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 391 T L L H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 207 OC L L H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 155 YCOCT M L H Viewing only TV ads -- Preferences 1,647 T M M H Experiment TV ads -- Usual diet 1,647 T M H H Experiment TV ads -- Adiposity 88 YCOC M L H Viewing only continues
|
From page 454... ...
454 FOOD MARKETING TO CHILDREN AND YOUTH Reference Research Author(s) Year Relationship Significance Method Guillaume et al.
|
From page 455... ...
455 APPENDIX F Sample Cause Variable Effect Variable Measure Causality Ecological Category Category Size Age Quality Evidence Validity TV ads -- Adiposity and 1,028 OC M L H Viewing only other TV ads -- Short-term 42 OC H H M Experiment consumption TV ads -- Beliefs 134 OC M M H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 461 OCT L L H Viewing only TV ads -- Preferences 280 YCOC M H M Experiment TV ads -- Usual diet 44 OC M L L Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 103 OC L L H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 103 OC L L H Viewing only TV ads -- Preferences 78 YC M M L Experiment TV ads -- Requests 250 YCOC M L H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 464 YCOC M L H Viewing only TV ads -- Short-term 47 YC H H M Experiment consumption TV ads -- Short-term 96 YCOC H H M Experiment consumption TV ads -- Usual diet 4,137 OCT L M H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 784 OCT L L H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 2,223 T L L H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 2,223 T L L H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 2,714 OC L L H Viewing + other media TV ads -- Adiposity 2,468 OCT L L H Viewing + other media TV ads -- Beliefs, 152 YCOC M M M Experiment preferences, and requests TV ads -- Adiposity 148 YC M L L Viewing only TV ads -- Preferences 35 OC M H L Experiment continues
|
From page 456... ...
456 FOOD MARKETING TO CHILDREN AND YOUTH Reference Research Author(s) Year Relationship Significance Method Lin et al.
|
From page 457... ...
457 APPENDIX F Sample Cause Variable Effect Variable Measure Causality Ecological Category Category Size Age Quality Evidence Validity TV ads -- Adiposity 1,651 OCT M M H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 1,020 YC L L H Viewing only Print ads Beliefs, 36 YC M M L preferences, and requests TV ads -- Requests 40 YCOC L M L Experiment TV ads -- Adiposity 112 OCT L L H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 112 OCT L L H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 198 OC L L H Viewing + other media TV ads -- Usual diet 214 OC M L H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 2,389 OCT L L H Viewing + other media TV ads -- Preferences 363 YCOC M H L Experiment TV ads -- Requests 185 T M L H Viewing only TV ads -- Usual diet 1,497 YCOC M L H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 1,497 YCOC M L H Viewing only Price and Preferences 35 OCT M L M promotion TV ads -- Adiposity 2,379 OC M M H Viewing + other media TV ads -- Adiposity 2,634 OC L M H Viewing only TV ads -- Beliefs 64 YC M M L Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 2,372 OC M L M Viewing only TV ads -- Beliefs and 106 OC M M M Experiment preferences TV ads -- Short-term 106 OC H M M Experiment consumption TV ads -- Preferences 75 YC M M M Campaign TV ads -- Adiposity 106 YCOC M M H Viewing only continues
|
From page 458... ...
458 FOOD MARKETING TO CHILDREN AND YOUTH Reference Research Author(s) Year Relationship Significance Method Reid et al.
|
From page 459... ...
459 APPENDIX F Sample Cause Variable Effect Variable Measure Causality Ecological Category Category Size Age Quality Evidence Validity TV ads -- Beliefs 138 OC L L M Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 5,493 YCOC L M H Viewing only TV ads -- Preferences 45 OC H H L Experiment TV ads -- Preferences 122 YC M L H Viewing only TV ads -- Usual diet 122 YC L M M Viewing only TV ads -- Usual diet 192 OC M H H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 192 OC M H H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 671 T L L M Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 279 T L M M Viewing only TV ads -- Usual diet 1,912 T L L H Viewing + other media TV ads -- Adiposity 1,912 T L L H Viewing + other media TV ads -- Beliefs 100 YCOC L M M Experiment TV ads -- Beliefs 100 YCOC L M L Experiment TV ads -- Adiposity 489 OC M L H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 773 OC M L H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 96 OC L L H Viewing + other media TV ads -- Beliefs 209 OC M M H Viewing only TV ads -- Usual diet 209 OC M M H Viewing only TV ads -- Beliefs and 427 OC M M H Viewing only preferences TV ads -- Adiposity 872 OC M M H Viewing only TV ads -- Preferences 124 OC M H L Experiment TV ads -- Requests 36 YC H H M Experiment continues
|
From page 460... ...
460 FOOD MARKETING TO CHILDREN AND YOUTH Reference Research Author(s) Year Relationship Significance Method Storey et al.
|
From page 461... ...
461 APPENDIX F Sample Cause Variable Effect Variable Measure Causality Ecological Category Category Size Age Quality Evidence Validity TV ads -- Adiposity 3,473 OCT M M H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 8,772 OCT M M H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 8,170 YCOC L L H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 53 OC L L H Viewing only TV ads -- Usual diet 66 YCOC L L H Viewing only TV ads -- Usual diet 237 YC M L H Campaign TV ads -- Requests 237 YC L L H Campaign TV ads -- Requests 886 OC L L H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 886 OC L L H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 7,216 OC L L H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 187 OC L L H Viewing + other media TV ads -- Adiposity 379 T M L H Viewing only TV ads -- Usual diet 4,480 T M M M Viewing + other media TV ads -- Adiposity 4,480 T M L M Viewing + other media TV ads -- Adiposity 2,831 ITYCOC M M H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 2,862 OCT L L H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 880 OC L L H Viewing only TV ads -- Adiposity 552 OCT L L H Viewing only TV ads -- Other 1,081 YCOCT M M H Viewing only TV ads -- Usual diet 2,082 T L L H Viewing only TV ads -- Requests 217 OC M L H Viewing only TV ads -- Usual diet 351 YC M L H Viewing only
|
From page 462... ...
1998. Relationship of physical activity and television watching with body weight and level of fatness among children: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
|
From page 463... ...
2003. Parental weight status and girls' television viewing, snacking, and body mass indexes.
|
From page 464... ...
Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 23(8)
|
From page 465... ...
2002. Fatness, physical activity, and television viewing in children during the adiposity rebound period: The Iowa Bone Development Study.
|
From page 466... ...
1993. Does television viewing increase obesity and reduce physical activity?
|
From page 467... ...
2003. Couch potatoes or French fries: Are sedentary behaviors associated with body mass index, physical activity, and dietary behaviors among adolescents?
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.