Food Marketing to Children and Youth Threat or Opportunity? (2006) / Chapter Skim
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Index A evidence linking television viewing to, 272, 273278, 279292 Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution gender differences moderating influence Range, 47 of marketing on, 298299 Added sugars intake influence of advertising, 9, 278279, associated food and nutrient intakes, 292293, 308, 379380 6465 measurement, 275276 definition, 59n nonadvertising-related television viewing dental health and, 44 effects, 284289, 290292 dietary recommendations, 45, 59 as predictive of television viewing time, infant and toddler diets, 19, 7475 273, 280281 patterns and trends, 2, 18, 19, 5960, See also Body weight and composition; 61, 62, 375 Obesity as percentage of calorie intake, 5960 Advergames, 186, 193195, 350 recommendations for food and beverage Advertising, generally companies, 11, 382 branded products, 4, 22, 191, 210 regional variation, 8182 branded spokescharacters, 170171 sources, 65, 66, 68 celebrity endorsements, 175 television commercials and, 184 cereal, 170171, 175176 trends, 61 children's cognitive capacity to recognize Adequate intake and evaluate, 4, 5, 9, 2021, 30, actual intakes and, 5556 231, 295298, 301, 305, 309, 343, definition, 4647 380 infant and toddler diets, 73 definition, 26, 137 Adiposity distribution by food category, 164165 age factors moderating influence of Federal Trade Commission regulation, 5, marketing, 294295 2930, 181, 182183 definition, 231 goals, 137 497
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See Healthful and balanced normal development, 4546 diets and meals overweight classification, 1718 Beliefs, food and beverage self esteem and, 118 cultural transmission, 117 self-perception of, depression and, 100 as diet precursor, 230 trends, 41, 4243 evidence of marketing effects on, 254, See also Adiposity; Obesity 258259 Branded products gender differences, 99 advertising goals, 103104, 120, 136, health concerns, 99 210 influence of advertising, 8, 260261, co-branding, 172, 173, 174 307, 379 nutrient content of, 22, 120 influence on preferences or behaviors, online marketing, 191 117, 271272 in television commercials, 22 taste related to healthfulness, 9596 trends, 4, 210
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499 INDEX beverage sources, 6568 Brand recognition and preference calorie density, 63 advertising goals, 103, 120, 136, 210 current concerns, 1, 2, 18, 374 advertising effects, 253 eating locations and, 7172 behavioral branding, 336 economic status and, 79, 107 branded spokescharacters, 170171 food sources, 5253, 6165 children's capacity for, 3031, 103, 376 health promotion goals, 40 children's product requests, 102, 103 high-calorie low-nutrient foods and 104, 376 beverages in, 53, 6364 consumer behavior, 137 at home, 105 nonprocessed foods, 136, 137 of infants and toddlers, 19, 7374, 375 processed foods, 136137 measurement, 5051, 375 top brands, 146 neurobiological regulation, 92 See also Branded products; Product nutrient distribution, 5261 placement patterns and trends, 4950, 5253, 375 Breakfast consumption possible adipositytelevision viewing associated dietary patterns, 69 linkage, 284 body composition related to, 375 recommendations for food and beverage economic status and, 79, 107 companies, 11, 382 fat content, 58 regional variation, 81 food choices in, 69 in schools, 7172, 112 gender differences, 99 snacks as source of, 6970 infant and toddler diets, 75 sources, 19, 375 mother's work status and, 106 See also Nutrient content patterns and trends, 6869, 163, 375 Calories Count campaign, 324 perceived time constraints and, 104 Canada, 3233, 354, 359360 product innovations, 163 Cancer, diet-related risk, 12, 18, 43 regional variation, 82 Candy Breast milk, 95 availability in schools, 113 British Medical Association, 33, 302, 357 calorie intake from, 52 Buzz marketing, 196. See also Viral children's product requests, 103 marketing drug store sales, 151 marketing strategies, 140 C new product introductions, 156, 158 purchasing power of children and youth, Caffeine, 67 155 Calcium intake Carbohydrate intake associated food and nutrient intakes, dietary recommendations and guidelines, 6465 47 bone health and, 44 infant and toddler diets, 73 breakfast consumption, 69 sources, 5253 economic status and, 80 taste influence, 94 infant and toddler diets, 73 trends, 19, 5354, 375 obesity risk and, 53 Cardiovascular disorders, 12, 18, 39, 43 patterns and trends, 2, 18, 19, 50, 54, Carotene intake, regional variation, 81 55, 56, 82, 375 Catalog promotions, 187 regional variation, 81 Causal inference validity, 240242 sources, 56, 67 Celebrity endorsements, 175 Calorie intake Cell phones, 2223, 179, 196197 from away-from-home foods, 19, 7172, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 113, 114, 151, 375 322, 325
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500 INDEX healthy and balanced diet, 45 Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corporation patterns and trends, 54, 58 v. Public Service Commission, 344 sources, 56 346 Circulatory disorders, 12 Cereals Club sponsorship, 187 advertising spending, 170 Coalition for Healthy Children, 209 branded spokescharacters, 170171 Co-branding, 172, 173, 174 children's product requests, 102, 103 Cognitive functioning diet correlations, 69 brand recognition, 3031, 103, 376 infant and toddler diets, 74 children's capacity to recognize and market size, 170 evaluate advertising, 4, 5, 9, 2021, new product introductions, 156 30, 231, 295298, 301, 305, 309, portion size, 71 343, 380 premium offers, 175176 learning process, 20 purchasing power of children and youth, media literacy training, 326327 154 moderators of marketing influence, 231, regional variation in consumption, 81 295298 Channel One, 188190 nutrition knowledge and eating Character merchandising, 377 behavior, 100 branded spokescharacters, 170171 research needs, 305 definition, 172 See also Beliefs, food and beverage; developmental considerations, 172173 Consumer socialization goals, 172 Commercial speech, 344345 host-selling format, 294 Committee on Food Marketing and the industry self-regulation, 198 Diets of Children and Youth, 6 to promote healthful products, 173174, Community-based interventions, 175, 377 recommendations for, 13, 384 recommendations for, 12, 383 Companies, food and beverage uses of, 4, 175, 377 economic significance, 119 Child and Adult Care Food Program, 14, educational materials sponsored by, 190, 111112, 121, 122, 328, 386 326 Child-care settings, 14, 111112, 328, 386 employment, 119 Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization food processing, 120 Act, 122, 326 food supply characteristics, 120, 351, 352 Child Nutrition Labeling Program, 328 health and wellness advisory groups, Child Nutrition Programs, 122, 321, 327 208 Children's Advertising Review Unit, 198 healthful product promotion, 10, 146 201 150, 201202, 374 company compliance with guidelines of, health promotion activities, 209, 210 200 211, 378 current efforts, 378 incentives for health promotion, 14, 385 effectiveness, 200201 mergers and acquisitions, 146 guidelines, 198200 nutrition labeling requirements, 323324 organizational structure and function, 198 recommendations for health promotion purpose, 198, 378 activities, 1011, 14, 382, 385 recommendations for, 12, 383 revenues, 4, 144, 146, 156 Children's Online Privacy Act, 191, 349 self-regulation of advertising, 198201, Children's Television Act, 181, 348 206207, 355 Cholesterol intake See also Marketing of food and dietary recommendations and guidelines, beverages to youth; Trade 58 associations economic status and, 79
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definition, 102 education and information programs, media literacy education, 326327 320321, 322, 323, 326 process, 20 food assistance programs, 121, 122123 skills, 4 recommendations for, 14, 15, 386387 social benefits of marketing, 31 Department of Defense, U.S., 329 Containers, serving, 102 Department of Education, U.S., 322, 325, Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by 381 Individuals, 50, 51 Department of Health and Human Services, Convenience, 104, 114, 150, 162163 U.S. Convenience stores, 151 Children's Advertising Review Unit and, Cookies, Internet, 191 200201 Copper intake, 56 education and information programs, Cost of food 320, 321, 322, 323 food choices and, 104105, 269270 recommendations for, 15, 16, 386387, growth, 144n 387 as obstacle to healthier diets, 107108 Depression, 78, 100 research needs, 108 Development, individual Cost of obesity-associated medical care, 41 beverage consumption patterns, 66, 67 Coupons brand recognition, 103104 event and loyalty marketing, 187 breakfast consumption patterns, 68 industry spending, 169 character merchandising and, 172173 wireless, 197 cognitive capacity to recognize and Cross promotion, 172, 348 evaluate advertising, 4, 5, 9, 2021, 30, 231, 295298, 301, 305, 309, D 343, 380 definition of health, 19 Dairy product consumption food preferences, 96, 97, 123124, 305, economic status and, 107 376 as nutrient source, 56 normal weight gain, 4546 parental, 109 obesity risk, 18 patterns and trends, 6162, 63 research needs, 305 regional variation, 81 See also Consumer socialization strategies for improving youth health, 2 Diabetes See also Milk and milk consumption associated conditions, 4142 Data sources diet-related risk, 1, 18 access to industry research, 7, 15, 34, federal educational interventions to 143, 377, 387 prevent, 322 beverage consumption, 66 metabolic syndrome and, 43 evaluation methodology, 6, 3334 trends, 1, 17, 39, 82 on marketing practices and trends, 24 Diet.
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502 INDEX normal development, 4546 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 4748, nutrition knowledge and, 100 49, 320 parental, 109 Dietary reference intakes, 4647 patterns and trends, 18, 19, 6162, 375 actual intakes and, 5556 peer influence, 110111 Dietary supplements. See Supplements, portion size and, 101102 dietary psychosocial factors, 97100 Dieting, 100101 quantity consumed per eating occasion, Digital television, 195196 7071 Dinner, children's influence on food choices, regional variation, 81 103 in restaurants, 113115 Discretionary fat, 59n in schools, 112113 Drug stores, 151 sensory influences, 9496 settings, 7172, 105 E sociocultural factors, 116119 strategies for improving youth health, 2, Eating behavior and dietary intake 374 accessibility of food and, 108 time constraints and, 104, 150 age factors moderating influence of See also Breakfast consumption; Calorie marketing on, 294 intake; Nutrient intake; Portion sizes; assessment methods, 5051 Precursors, dietary; Snacks and biological factors, 9293 snacking in child-care settings, 111 Eating disorders, 100 consumer socialization effects, 102104 Eat Smart, Play HardTM Campaign, 321 cost factors, 104105, 107108 Ecological perspective, 2628, 9192, 123 data sources, 50, 230 Ecological validity, 242243 determinants of, 1, 24, 8, 1920, 123, Educational interventions 373, 376, 379 effectiveness, 326, 361 developmental change, 9697, 305 federal programs, 320, 321323, 325 dietary recommendations and guidelines, 326 45, 4649, 320321 in food assistance programs, 121 dieting practices, 100101 learning process, 20 diet precursors and, 261, 270272 media literacy, 326327 eating occasions per day, 75, 79, 80 MyPyramid, 4849, 320321 ecological perspective in outcome nutrition labeling, 323325 evaluation, 2628, 9192, 123 recommendations for schools, 1314, evidence of marketing influence, 261264 385 family factors, 105110 in schools, 325327 food/beverage type, intake distribution scope of, 361 by, 5253, 6168, 7475 See also Social marketing gender differences in, 9899 Electrolytes, 47 gender differences moderating influence Embedded marketing, 141 of marketing on, 298 Emotional appeals, 170 genetic factors, 9394 Energy balance government policy effects, 123 current patterns, 19 health outcomes, 2, 3940, 374 definition, 45n individual health concerns and, 99 estimated energy requirements, 45 influence of marketing, 89, 265272, Entertainment industry 379 celebrity endorsements, 175 mother's work status and, 106107 children's, 164 neighborhood food retail outlets and, interest in youth market, 23 115116
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From page 503... ...
503 INDEX recommendations for, 1213, 384 as percentage of caloric intake, 54 school food choices and, 113 self-regulation of marketing activities by, 207208 social marketing programs to reduce, See also Character merchandising 335 sources, 5253, 56 Estimated average requirements, 46 actual intakes and, 55 See also Saturated fats in youth diet; Estimated energy requirements, 45, 47 Trans fats in youth diet actual intake and, 56 Federal Advisory Committee Act, 7 calorie requirement calculations, 5657 Federal Communications Commission, 181 infant and toddler intakes, 73 182, 348349 European Heart Network, 32, 301, 302, Federal Trade Commission 355 Internet regulation, 349 European Union, 355356 recommendations for, 12, 15, 383, 386 Event and loyalty marketing, 4, 169, 187 387 Evolutionary theory, 93, 94 regulatory role, 342343 Expanded Food and Nutrition Education rulemaking in 1970s, 5, 2930, 342344 Program, 321 Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study, 62, 73 Fiber intake breakfast consumption, 69 F current concerns, 2, 50, 82 current patterns, 59 Fast food and quick serve restaurants dietary recommendations and guidelines, branded spokescharacters, 171 5859 co-branding campaigns, 174175 infant and toddler diets, 74 consumer lawsuits against, 341342 mother's work status and, 106 consumer spending, 151 overall diet quality and, 59 definition, 31n, 151n, 406 regional variation, 81 industry leaders, 151 Finland, 359 in-school sales, 188 First Amendment rights, 30, 31, 341, 344, number of, 151 345, 346, 347348, 349, 350 nutrition labeling requirements for, 323 Five a Day for Better Health, 322, 334 324 335, 361 premium offers, 175176 Fluoride, 40, 44, 45 promotion of healthful diets in, 204205 Folate/folic acid revenues, 151 current concerns, 50 sociodemographic characteristics, 114 current intake vs. dietary guidelines, 56 115 regional variation, 81 See also Restaurants sources, 56 Fat, dietary intake of Food and Drug Administration, 323, 380 in away-from-home meals, 114 Food Guide Pyramid, 4849, 120 biological influences, 93, 9495 actual intake vs., 6263 dietary recommendations and guidelines, Food insecurity 45, 47, 57, 58 economic status and, 7678 economic status and, 79, 80, 107 obesity patterns and, 78 in family meals, 109 psychosocial outcomes, 78 food assistance program meals, 328 Food Products Association, 206 gender differences, 98 Food Stamp Program, 41, 79, 121, 122, health and nutrition attitudes as factors 123, 321 in, 99 Forbidden foods, 110 infant and toddler diets, 7374 France, 357, 358 patterns and trends, 2, 19, 53, 54, 58, French fries, 52, 71, 74, 114 62, 375
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504 INDEX diabetes risk trends, 39 Fruit and Vegetable Pilot Program, 122, 123, 328329 dieting behaviors, 100101 eating behaviors, 9899 Fruit consumption food shopping, 150 accessibility as factor in home health and nutrition attitudes, 99 consumption, 108, 271 in influence of marketing, 298299 advertising intensity, 165 micronutrient intake, 55, 376 away-from-home dining and, 115 online use, 195 branding strategies to influence, 136, Genetic influence on eating behaviors, 93 137 94, 109 character merchandising to promote, Geographic variation in nutrient and calorie 173174 intakes, 8082 children's product requests, 103 Germany, 358 determinants of, 271 Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity development of food preferences, 22 and Health, 32 economic status and, 79, 107 Glucose metabolism, in metabolic in family meals, 108109 syndrome, 43 healthy and balanced diet, 45 Greece, 358 infant and toddler diets, 74 Grocery Manufacturers Association, 200, neighborhood retail outlets and, 115 205206 nutrition knowledge and, 100 packaging innovations to encourage, 203 parental, 109 H patterns and trends, 19, 6162, 63, 375 price factors, 105, 108 Hamburgers, 71 recommendations for government to Head Start, 111, 323, 328 improve access, 14, 386 Health, defined, 19 regional variation, 81 Health, diet-related school food choices and, 113 associated diseases, 12, 18, 43 school programs to promote, 122, 328 beverages in, 65 329 broad conclusions, 9, 374 social marketing programs to promote, environmental influences on, 24, 6, 19 334335 20 strategies for improving youth health, 2, evidence of marketing linkage, 272278 374 food insecurity and, 78 Fruit juice consumption influence of marketing on, 8, 10, 278 infant and toddler diets, 62, 74 293, 308, 374, 379380 marketing strategies, 140 research methodology, 230231 new product introductions, 156 trends, 1, 17, 39, 41, 82 portion size, 71 See also Adiposity; Diabetes; Obesity quantity consumed per occasion, 63, 71 Healthful and balanced diets and meals trends, 63, 65, 66, 67 agricultural policy and, 351352 consumer demand, 201, 204 cost, 108 G definition, 2, 82, 374 Gender differences dietary recommendations and guidelines, average weight, 41 45, 4649, 320321 beverage consumption, 67 federal educational programs, 320, 321 body image concerns, 99, 117119 323 breakfast consumption, 68 marketing of, 29, 143, 146150, 173 current intake vs. dietary guidelines, 56, 175, 324325, 362, 378 57
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505 INDEX High-calorie low-nutrient foods and multisectoral involvement to promote, beverages 10, 124, 374 associated health risks, 12, 18 new product design for, 10, 156, 201 consumption patterns and trends, 2, 19, 203, 210211, 374 6365, 375, 377 opportunities to improve food assistance development of food preferences, 22 programs, 122123 influence of television advertising on diet recommendations for food and beverage precursors, 8, 307 companies, 1011, 382 in-school marketing, 113, 190 recommendations for media and marketing strategies, 139140 entertainment industry, 1213, 384 marketing trends, 4, 377 recommendations for parents and new product introductions, 158, 210 families, 13, 384 as portion of total calorie intake, 53, recommendations for public policy, 14 6364 15, 385386 predictors of consumption of, 64 recommendations for restaurants, 11, tax policy, 352354 382 television commercial content, 22, 184 recommendations for schools, 1314, types of, 63 385 Host-selling format, 294 recommendations for trade associations, Hungary, 358 1112, 383 Hypermarkets, 150n research needs, 304 social marketing programs to promote, 334335, 340, 381 I time constraints as obstacles to, 104, 150 Immersive advertising, 195 youth attitudes toward, 9596, 99 Infants and toddlers See also Health promotion brand marketing to, 194 HealthierUS School Challenge, 322, 361 calorie and nutrient intakes, 19, 7374, Health insurance, poverty and, 76 375 Health promotion definition, 25 broad conclusions, 9, 374 dietary imbalances, 19, 376 cultural values and, 119 eating occasions per day, 75 goals, 3940 food/beverage type intake, 7475, 375 industry advisory groups for, 208 food preference formation, 96 international efforts, 3233, 354361 population size, 139 multisectoral approach, 124 taste preferences, 94, 95 outcomes of food assistance programs, Influence of marketing 4041 on adiposity, 9, 379380 publicprivate partnerships, 208209 age differences and, 294295 school programs, 325332 on beliefs about food and beverages, 8, social marketing campaigns, 334338, 254, 256257, 258259, 379 340, 381 children's cognitive capacity and, 4, 5, 9, use of marketing techniques for, 29, 143 2021, 30, 231, 295298, 301, 305, See also Healthful and balanced diets 309, 343, 380 and meals on dietary intake, 89, 261272, 308, Healthy People 2010 initiative, 42 379 Heart disease, 12, 18, 43. See also on diet precursors, 8, 230, 232, 251 Cardiovascular disorders 261, 307, 379 Height, 41 on diet-related health, 8, 9, 10, 308, Henry J
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506 INDEX J on food and beverage preferences, 8, 21, 22, 253, 256258, 258, 261, 307, Junk food, 31n. See also High-calorie low 379 nutrient foods and beverages on food and beverage requests, 8, 253 254, 256257, 307, 379 gender differences and, 298299 K methodology for reviewing evidence of, 227250 Kidvid, 30, 343344 moderator effects, 231, 293294 products other than food and beverage, 234235 L racial/ethnic differences and, 299 recommendations for research, 303306 Labeling, nutrient consumer use of, 324 research limitations, 302303 on short-term eating behavior, 308 design and content, 323, 324 effectiveness of, 324, 325, 380 socioeconomic status as moderator of, federal food assistance programs, 328 300 goals, 323 on teen diet, 89, 96, 307, 308, 379 health claims, 324 Interactive Healthy Eating Index, 49 opportunities for improving, 324 Interactive product placement, 195196 to promote healthful diet, 361 International Chamber of Commerce, 355 recommendations for, 11, 382 International research and action, 3233, regulation, 323, 324, 325, 361 300302, 354361 research needs, 378 Internet restaurant requirements, 323324 advertising trends, 45, 2223, 194, 358 shortcomings, 324325 children's exposure to food and beverage use of proprietary logos and icons, 202 advertising, 194 203, 324325, 378 children's use of, 45 Learning process, 20 cognitive capacity to recognize and evaluate advertising on, 296 parental role-modeling, 109 embedded commerce, 195196 Legume intake, 2, 62 interactive product placement, 195 Lipoprotein levels, in metabolic syndrome, marketing strategies, 186, 190191 43 online gaming, 193195 Logos and icons, 202203, 324325, 378 product placement, 193 Low-income families regulation, 349350, 359, 381 access to healthful foods and beverages, use patterns, 177178 124 Ireland, 356, 358, 359 computer access and use, 177, 178 Iron intake dental health, 4445 current concerns, 2, 50 diet characteristics, 107108 deficiency patterns, 80 diet-related health risks, 2 economic status and, 80 eating occasions per day among, 79, 80 infant and toddler diets, 73 food assistance programs, 4041, 121 mother's work status and, 106 123, 327328 regional variation, 81 food insecurity risk, 7678 sources, 56 health insurance coverage, 76 trends, 54, 55 marketing influence moderated by economic status, 300 neighborhood grocery store characteristics, 115116
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507 INDEX for health promotion, 29, 143, 202 neighborhood restaurant characteristics, historical development, 168169 115 industry spending, 4, 146, 163164, nutrient intake patterns, 76, 79, 80, 376 165168, 169, 377 nutrition education programs, 321 international research and action, 56, obesity patterns among, 76, 7879 3233, 300302, 354361 prevalence, 75, 107 marketing research, 135, 142143, 190 Lunch 191, 233, 376377 fat content, 58 parent-targeted advertising and, 169 food assistance programs, 122, 326, premium offers, 175176 327328 public opinion on regulation of, 29 infant and toddler diets, 75 recommendations for food and beverage ready-to-eat meals, 163 companies, 1011, 382 Luxembourg, 358 recommendations for practice standards, 11, 12, 383 M recommendations for research, 15, 386 387 Magazine advertising, 185186 regulation of, 2932, 340341, 342 Magnesium intake 350, 354361 current concerns, 2, 50, 82 research goals, 2324 current intake vs. dietary guidelines, 56 research methodology, 2428 sources, 56 in retail, 150 trends, 54 in schools, 187190, 377 Marketing of food and beverages to youth, scope of activities in, 21, 2223, 26 209210 social benefits of, 31, 341 assessing effectiveness of, 141142 strategic elements, 135136 audience fragmentation, 165, 186 strategic trends in, 4, 21, 146 broad conclusions, 9, 374 target markets and market segmentation, children's exposure to, 45, 21, 120121 138141 components of, 26, 28, 135 trade association guidelines, 206 consumer promotion, 137, 167 trade promotion, 137138 in consumer socialization process, 20 youth market characteristics, 138139 cross promotion, 172, 348 See also Advertising, generally; Branded cultural groups as target markets, 140 products; Influence of marketing; 141 New product introductions current concerns, 1, 56, 373 Meat and protein consumption current promotion of healthful diets in, infant and toddler diets, 73 10, 201209, 374 patterns and trends, 52, 53, 61, 62, 63, data sources and research base, 6, 7, 23, 351 2425, 30, 33, 34, 133134, 302 portion sizes, 71 303 as source of trans fatty acids, 58 definition, 2526, 134135 Media diet mediators/precursors, 230 advertising vehicles, 45, 21, 2223, ecological perspective in outcome 186, 190191, 377 evaluation of, 2628, 9192 character merchandising, 172 economic significance, 119, 153, 156 children's exposure to, 45, 120121, embedded marketing, 141 276277 emerging trends, 186, 190198, 210 co-branding campaigns, 174175 event sponsorship, 4, 169, 187 ideals of beauty, 118119 healthful products, 146150, 173174, influence on dietary patterns, 24, 376 202, 362 in-school advertising, 188190
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508 INDEX gender differences, 298299 literacy, 326327 racial/ethnic differences, 299 marketing trends, 4, 167, 191, 377 significance of, 300 measured/unmeasured, 141142, 167 socioeconomic status, 300 print, 185186 Monitoring progress in marketing product placement, 4, 141, 167168, benchmarks and baselines, 7 192195 recommendations for, 1516, 387 recommendations for industry, 1213, Mortality, 2, 39, 40 384 Music, product placement in, 193 self-regulation of youth marketing, 207 MyPyramid, 4849, 320321, 361 208 social marketing use of, 333 use patterns, 176179 N See also Television advertising Menus, 11, 380, 382 National Advertising Review Council, 198 Metabolic syndrome National Children's Study, 304305 associated health risks, 43 National Governors Association, 14, 385 definition, 43 National Health and Nutrition Examination prevalence, 39, 43 Surveys, 50, 51 risk factors, 43 National Institute of Child Health and trends, 17 Human Development, 322 Micronutrients, intake of National Institutes of Health, 322323 associated food and nutrient intakes, National Parent Teacher Association, 14, 6465 385 at-risk subgroups, 44, 80, 376 National School Lunch Program, 14, 7879, current intake vs. dietary guidelines, 56 112, 121, 122, 326, 327328, 386 57 National School Meals Program, 41 dietary recommendations and guidelines, National Science Foundation, 47 recommendations for, 15, 386387 dietary supplement use, 61 National Youth Anti-Drug Media health implications, 44 Campaign, 337 past public health interventions, 40, 41 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey, 50, trends, 5455 51 See also specific micronutrient Neighborhood characteristics Milk and milk consumption food retail outlets, 115116 agricultural policy, 351352 restaurants, 114115 celebrity endorsement advertising, 175 Netherlands, 358 demographic patterns, 67 Neurobiology of eating, 9293 health outcomes, 44 New product introductions infant and toddler diets, 74 beverages, 146 patterns and trends, 19, 52, 61, 6566, branding in product development, 136 67, 68, 375 children and youth as targets of, 156 regional variation, 82 158 See also Dairy product consumption healthful products, 156 Milk Matters Calcium Education market segmentation in product Campaign, 322 development, 141 Mineral supplements, 61 product type distribution, 156, 158 Mobile phones, 179, 196197 ready-to-eat meals, 163 Moderators of marketing influence, 293 repackaging of classic products, 161162 294, 308309 trends, 4, 146, 156158, 210 age differences, 294295 Niacin intake, 5455 children's cognitive capacity, 295298 Norway, 3233, 354, 358
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509 INDEX food and beverage industry coalitions to Nutrient content address, 209 American food supply, 120 food insufficiency and, 78 beverages, 65, 6667 international research and intervention, food assistance program meals, 121 32, 33, 301302 123, 328 lawsuits against food industry for of home-prepared vs. away-from-home causing, 341342 foods, 7172 metabolic syndrome risk, 43 neighborhood retail outlets and, 115, 116 mother's work status and, 106107 processed foods, 120 prevalence, 1, 42 recommendations for food and beverage public opinion on causality, 29 companies, 11, 382 racial/ethnic risk, 76 recommendations for labeling, 11, 382 risk factors, 17, 18, 22, 53 regulation of products available in severe, 18 schools, 330332 social costs, 41 See also High-calorie low-nutrient foods strategies for preventing, 18, 24 and beverages; Labeling, nutrient trends, 1, 5, 9, 17, 18, 39, 41, 42, 49 Nutrient intake 50, 82, 378 assessment methods, 5051 See also Adiposity; Body weight and in child-care settings, 111112 composition dietary recommendations and guidelines, Oil, cooking, 58 45, 4649, 320321 Older children, defined, 25 dietary supplement use, 61 Osteomalacia, 44 dieting behaviors and, 101 Osteoporosis, 12, 18, 44 economic status and, 76 Outdoor advertising, 186187 in family meals, 108109 fast food consumption and, 114 goals of dietary guidance, 40, 45 P health and nutrition attitudes as factors in, 99 Packaging infants and toddlers, 7374 consumer response to products labeled maternal employment and, 106 "healthy," 169 patterns and trends, 19, 4950, 5261, industry spending, 169 8283, 375 logos and icons to identify healthy regional variation, 81 products, 202203, 324325, 378 See also Eating behavior and dietary recommendations for, 11, 382 intake; Healthful and balanced diets See also Labeling, nutrient and meals; specific nutrient Pagers, 179 Nutrition Labeling and Education Act, 323 Parents and families 324 accessibility of food in home, 108 child feeding practices, 109110, 305 family meals, 108109 O influence of children and youth on Obesity purchasing, 2122, 103, 155 associated health risks, 4142, 43 influences on eating behaviors of at-risk population, 1, 41 children and youth, 105110 cultural values and, 117, 119 maternal employment, 106107 definition and classification, 1718, 39, parents as eating behavior role models, 41 109 economic status and, 76, 7879 parent-targeted marketing, 169, 172 federal educational interventions to recommendations for health promotion prevent, 322 practices, 13, 384
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See Meat and protein Powerful Bones, Powerful GirlsTM, 322 consumption Precursors, dietary Psychosocial functioning age factors moderating influence of food insecurity effects, 78 marketing, 294 food preferences, 9798 behavior and, 261, 270272 food reward systems, 98, 109110 definition, 230 influence on eating behavior, 100 evidence of marketing effects on, 251 See also Beliefs, food and beverage; 261 Cognitive functioning influence of marketing, 8, 307, 379 Public opinion See also Beliefs, food and beverage; on obesity causes, 29 Preferences, food and beverage; regulation of advertising, 340 Requests, food and beverage
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511 INDEX marketing trends, 140 Public policy media use patterns, 178 agriculture supports and restrictions, neighborhood grocery store 120, 123, 351352 characteristics, 115, 116 current shortcomings, 10, 374 nutrient intake patterns, 81 diet behavior and, 123 obesity and, 76 federal nutrition education programs, poverty risk and, 75 320325, 361 regional variation in diet, 81 food assistance programs, 4041, 121 snacking behaviors, 69 123, 327328 sociocultural diversity and, 117 goals, 14, 16, 24, 385, 388 sodium intake and, 60 international marketing regulation, 354 target marketing, 139141 361 teen spending patterns, 154 opportunities for improving, 380381 television advertising and, 185 publicprivate partnerships for health Radio, 4, 181 promotion, 208209 Recommended Dietary Allowances, 46 recommendations for health promotion, Recommended energy allowances, 56, 62 1415, 385386 Regulation regulation of products available in arguments against, 31, 341, 344, 345 schools, 330332 current legal environment, 340341 school-based programs for health Federal Trade Commission actions, 5, promotion, 325329 2930, 343344 significance of, in shaping nutritional of food and beverage products in environment, 319, 361 schools, 200, 203, 206207, 330 social marketing initiatives, 332340 332, 358 tax law, 352354 government authority for, 342343 See also Regulation indications for, 1415, 381, 386 Public service announcements, 333 industry compliance, 182183 Purchasing power of children and youth, 5, industry self-regulation, 198201, 203, 2122, 153155 206208, 210, 341, 355 international practice, 354361 Q of marketing, 6, 1415, 2933, 340 341, 342350, 354361, 381, 386 Quick serve restaurants. See Fast food and media innovation and, 349350, 358 quick serve restaurants 359, 381 obesity-related lawsuits against food industry, 341342 R public opinion, 340 rationale, 5, 29, 32, 341, 342, 344345, Race/ethnicity 346347 beverage consumption patterns, 67 Requests, food and beverage body satisfaction and, 117118 for branded products, 376 breakfast consumption patterns, 6869 diet behavior and, 270 calorie intake data, 52 as diet precursor, 230 computer access and use patterns, 177, distribution by product type, 102103 178 earliest manifestations, 102 dental health and, 45 evidence of marketing effects on, 253 fast food/quick serve restaurant locations 254, 256257, 258 and, 115 influence of advertising, 8, 258, 260 fat intake patterns, 54, 58 261, 307, 379 influence of marketing moderated by, See also Precursors, dietary 299
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512 INDEX food sales, 144 Research health promotion efforts, 205, 378 dietary assessment methods, 5051 in-store product requests, 102104 ecological perspective, 2628 marketing strategies, 150 goals, 2324 neighborhood characteristics, 115116 on healthful diet promotion, 304 product offerings, 146 international efforts, 3233, 300302 recommendations for product displays, on labeling to communicate nutritional 1112, 383 content, 378 supermarket revenues, 150 on marketing other than television, 302, trade promotion in, 137138 304 trends, 151 on marketing products other than food Riboflavin intake and beverage, 234235 current sources, 56 marketing research by food and regional variation, 81 beverage industry, 135, 142143, trends, 5455 190191, 233, 376377 Rice, 61 on marketing to youth, 6, 23, 3334, 380 Rickets, 44 measurement issues, 303, 304, 309 methodology, 2428 proprietary, 7, 15, 34, 143, 377, 387 S recommendations for, 15, 303306, 309, 386387 Sales promotion, 137 shortcomings of, 7, 30, 302303, 374375 Salty taste, 94 for social marketing, 334, 339 Saturated fats in youth diet See also Data sources; Systematic associated health risks, 12, 43 evidence review current concerns, 2, 18 Restaurants dietary recommendations and guidelines, advertising spending, 164 57, 58 beverage consumption patterns in, 68 economic status and, 80 brand loyalty, 104 family meal contents, 109 calorie intake from, 7172, 113, 375 healthy and balanced diet, 45 consumption patterns and trends in, patterns, 19, 49, 57, 58, 82 113115, 151 sources, 56 diet quality in, 114 School Breakfast Program, 14, 7879, 112, neighborhood sociodemographic 121, 122, 326, 328, 386 characteristics and, 114115 School Meals Initiative, 322 nutrition labeling requirements for, 323 Schools, 112113 324 after-school programs, 14, 111, 386 portion sizes, 71, 102 calorie intake in, 7172, 112 promotion of healthful diets in, 10, 204 contracts for food and beverage sales, 205, 210211, 374 188, 329330 proximity to schools, 114 food choices in, 112113 recommendations for health promoting food programs, 14, 41, 64, 79, 111, practices, 11, 382 112, 121, 122, 327328, 386 regional variation in eating behaviors, 82 industry self-regulation of marketing in, sales, 113114, 151 200, 203, 206207 See also Fast food and quick serve industry-sponsored educational restaurants materials, 190, 326 Retail outlets marketing practices and trends, 187 children's influence on food choices, 190, 377 103, 155 media literacy training in, 326327 consumer behavior, 150, 151 nutrition education interventions, 322, consumer use of food labels, 324 323, 325326
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See also Taste scope of program, 339 Shopping malls, 155 strategies and goals, 333334, 362 Single-parent households, 106 target audiences, 333 Small Step program, 322, 361 Sodium intake Snacks and snacking associated health risks, 43 calories from, 375 biological influences, 94 children's product requests, 102103 current concerns, 2, 18 in home, 105 dietary recommendations, 60 infant and toddler diets, 75 economic status and, 79, 80 influence of children and youth on healthy and balanced diet, 45 purchasing, 155 patterns and trends, 19, 49, 55, 6061, new product introductions, 158 82, 375 patterns and trends, 19, 6970, 375 recommendations for food and beverage portion of calorie intake from, 6970 companies, 11, 382 possible adipositytelevision viewing Soft drink consumption linkage, 284 accessibility as factor in home preference factors, 95 consumption, 108 price factors, 105, 269270 advertising intensity, 165 product size, 69, 70 age-related patterns, 66 purchasing power of children and youth, bone health and, 44 2122, 154, 155 brand loyalty, 104 quantity consumed per eating occasion, celebrity endorsement advertising, 175 7071 children's product requests, 103 regional variation, 81 demographic patterns, 67 research needs, 305 in fast food and quick serve restaurants, school food choices, 113, 329331 114 short-term influence of advertising, 263, gender differences, 98 265 industry leaders, 146 Social and cultural norms industry self-regulation, 206207 body image, 117119 infant and toddler diets, 74 children as consumers, 31 marketing expenditures, 146 ecological perspective in outcome marketing strategies, 140 evaluation, 28 nutrient content, 63 food behavior and, 117119 parental, 109 food preferences and, 98 patterns and trends, 52, 53, 61, 6364, gender identity, 118 65, 66, 67, 375 health promotion considerations, 119 portion size, 71 influence of, 116117 purchasing power of children and youth, socialization process, 20 22, 154 target markets, 140141
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From page 514... ...
See Added sugar intake; Soft drink beliefs about food taste and consumption healthfulness, 9596 Summer Food Programs, 122
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From page 515... ...
515 INDEX influence on diet-related health, 9, 308, brand choice, 104 379380 cost considerations in food choices, 104 international research and action, 301 105 302, 354 definition, 25 length of commercials, 181 food and beverage purchases, 22 nonadvertising-related television viewing health and nutrition attitudes and effects, 284289, 290292 beliefs, 9596, 99 product appeals, 169170 influence of advertising on dietary product placement, 192193 patterns and outcomes, 89, 96, 258, racial/ethnic factors moderating 259, 266267, 268272, 279, 307, influence of, 299 308, 379 regulation, 6, 1415, 30, 3233, 182 influence on family food purchases, 103, 183, 343344, 348349, 354, 356, 155 357358, 359360, 361, 381, 386 Internet use, 177 research needs, 15, 386 magazine advertising for, 185186 research shortcomings, 7 media use patterns, 178179 short-term eating behavior and, 8, 248, nutritional needs, 46 263, 265, 266267, 308, 379 population size, 139 socioeconomic factors moderating purchasing power, 154 influence of, 300 shopping behavior, 155 systematic evidence review, 233234 time pressures, 104 trends, 4, 165166, 167, 210, 377 word-of-mouth marketing, 196 See also Advertising, generally Television advertising Text messaging, 197 age factors moderating influence of, Thiamin intake, 54 294295 Tobacco children's exposure to, 45, 176177, advertising regulation, 29 179185, 234, 248249, 272273, anti-smoking campaigns, 337338, 353 276, 308 Tolerable upper intake level, 47 demographic variables in health linkage, Toy co-branding, 174 289 Trade associations, 153 entertainment industry self-regulation of current efforts to promote healthful youth marketing, 207208 diets, 205207 Federal Communications Commission recommendations for health promoting regulation, 348349 practices, 1112, 14, 383, 385 Federal Trade Commission regulation, 5, Trade promotion, 137138, 166167 2930, 181, 342344 Trans fats in youth diet food and beverage commercials, 22, associated health risks, 43 181, 183184, 185 current concerns, 18 gender factors moderating influence of, family meal contents, 109 298299 healthy and balanced diet, 45 for healthful products, 377 patterns and trends, 49, 58, 82 historical development, 180 sources, 58 indications for legislative interventions Triglyceride levels, in metabolic syndrome, to promote health, 1415, 381, 43 386 truth® campaign, 336, 337338 industry and restaurant spending, 4, TV dinners, 162163 165166, 167, 169 Tweens influence on dietary intake, 89, 265 definition, 25 272, 308, 379 Internet use, 177 influence on diet precursors, 8, 251261, population size, 139 307, 379
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See Special Supplemental Nutrition recommendations for government to Program for Women, Infants, and improve access, 14, 386 Children regional variation, 81 Wireless communications devices, 179, 196 school food choices and, 113 197 school programs to promote, 122, 328 World Health Assembly, 6, 32 329 World Health Organization, 32, 301, 354, social marketing programs to promote, 355 334335 strategies for improving youth health, 2, Y 374 VERBTM, 322, 335336, 339 Yogurt, 162 Video games, 193195, 207, 276 Younger children, defined, 25 Video news release, 191 Viral marketing, 141, 190, 196, 210 Vitamin A intake Z current intake vs. dietary guidelines, 56 infant and toddler diets, 73 Zinc intake regional variation, 81 current intake vs.
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